Essay History and Structure of Venice - 2497 Words

History and Structure of Venice Problems with format ?Venice is one of the most fascinating places to travel in Europe.? Its intrigue lies in its unique beginnings, its dominant past, and its remarkable people and their buildings.? Its foundation is unique because of the need for protection that drove the early Venetians to their new home and the location of this new dwelling-place:? ?Rarely in human history has a vigorous and progressive civilization arisen in a less likely place than the mud flats of the Venetian lagoon.?1? Venice rose to power by its domination of the sea and reached its climax during the years of the Renaissance.? It is during this time period that it truly became ?the bride of the Adriatic and the unchallenged†¦show more content†¦by fishing and drying seawater to get salt.8? This lifestyle was disrupted in the fifth and sixth centuries when mainlanders from Venetia fled to the marshy islands. ?As the Roman Empire was crumbling in Italy, Huns, Goths, and Lombards began invading towns in the north.? Citizens of Padua, Verona, and Vicenza were forced to travel to the islands of the lagoon.? The most influential invasion occurred in 452 when Attila the Hun drove everyone out of Venetia and they settled ?on the muddy, reed-covered islands of the Rivo Alto.?9? Alethea Wiel claims that the residents of Venezia decided to ?fix an abiding and permanent dwelling-place among the isles and estuaries of the sea; and that moment may be looked upon as the date of the foundation of Venice.?10? The newcomers discovered a thick layer of clay was under the islands.? They put down wooden piles into the clay, then covered these with oak logs and rocks to create the foundation of Venice:? ?it is strange to think how from the shifting unstable formation of mud-bands and sand-isles a city would arise, whose beauty would remain unequalled.?11? In the year 466, the citizens of the Venetian lagoon elected fourteen representatives (one from each island involved) to form a town council.? As more mainland towns were invaded, the populations of the islands rose, causing twelve more councilors to be added in 584.? In 697, theseShow MoreRelatedThe Italian People, Culture and Cities in Movies, Questions and Answers778 Words   |  3 Pages(1) How do the films discussed link the concepts of ‚crime’ and ‚travelling’? What makes travelling such an interesting phenomenon within the crime genre? Please also refer to the narrative structure of crime films. 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What is Literature Free Essays

Literature (from Latin litterae (plural); letter) is the art of written work, and is not confined to published sources (although, under some circumstances, unpublished sources can also be exempt). The word literature literally means â€Å"things made from letters† and the pars pro toto term â€Å"letters† is sometimes used to signify â€Å"literature,† as in the figures of speech â€Å"arts and letters† and â€Å"man of letters. † The four major classifications of literature are poetry, prose, fiction, and non-fiction. We will write a custom essay sample on ï » ¿What is Literature? or any similar topic only for you Order Now What in Philippine Literature? Philippine literature is the literature associated with the Philippines and includes the legends of prehistory, and the colonial legacy of the Philippines. Most of the notable literature of the Philippines was written during the Spanish period and the first half of the 20th century in Spanish language. Philippine literature is written in Spanish, English, Tagalog, and/or other native Philippine languages. As a Filipino, What is the importance of Literature? Literature serves as an enormous information base. Research works by famous inventors and literary works by notable scientists often narrate stories of their groundbreaking discoveries and inferences. Ongoing developments in the fields of science and technology are documented so that the world can know about them. Several ancient scriptures relating stories of human evolution and narratives of human life in those times, have been of tremendous help to mankind. Thus, literature has always served as an authentic source of information from all around the world. What environmental education goals and features? Philippines is not an exemption in letting us feel the harsh realities of these environmental threats and challenges. With all the ever increasing demands created by the environmental problems accompanied by social, political and technological changes happening, the education sector is faced with challenges and is expected to initiate changes in the curriculum and give more attention to environmental education. The curriculum should be geared towards the provision of knowledge, skills and values that will help the learners cope and adapt to these changes. The goal of environmental education is to develop an environmentally literate and responsible citizenry who will ensure the protection and the improvement of the environment, and bring about sustainability, social equity and economic efficiency in the use of the country’s natural resources. Because of the existing environmental problems we are into and the thrust for sustainability, the protection and improvement of the environment have become imperative educational goals. It is also envisioned that within the next decade, a great majority of Filipinos will be imbued with a sense of responsibility to care for, protect for, and enhance environmental quality that is conducive to their wellbeing and supportive of the nation’s economic development. How to cite ï » ¿What is Literature?, Papers

Pearl Harbor Bombing Essay Example For Students

Pearl Harbor Bombing Essay RRRing, RRRing. Rings The phone. It was Seth Enslow. He was wanting to know if I wanted to go for a bike ride. Hello, I said as I picked up the phone. Hey its Seth. You want to go for a bike ride? questioned Seth No we better not. With all the rumors about the war and all. Oh what the heck. You only live once. I figured. Oh by the way my name is Ricky Carmichael and I live in Pearl Harbor. The war is still going on and there are rumors about being bombed. The date is December 6, 1941(according to Brad Emel). Seth and I are going to go down to the docks next to the government facility. So there we were. We were having a good time riding around. Then we saw a government official talking to a guard. They were talking about the bomb rumors. Fall in, Guard, commanded the official. What did you hear about the bomb rumors? He asked. The Japanese are crazy enough. I just dont think they have the guts to do it. Explained the guard. Why do you say that? Questioned the official. The Japanese want to gain control of the Pacific ocean.(according to Brad Emel said the guard. Well Im getting tired lets go back, piped out Seth. Yeah lets go, I replied. So we went home and went to bed after a long day. The next day when we woke up we heard a big banging sound. Bang, crash, crunch, and other horrible sounds as we looked out the window. Its 8:12am(according to the internet)on Sunday and there are people running everywhere. I look over towards the Harbor and see a horrifying sight. The ship Arizona is cracking and burning to bits. All of the people around were screaming and yelling run, run they arent done yet. Until I hear a buzzing sound. I look up in the sky I see a black dot in the sky. Its getting bigger and bigger until. Boom it explodes. .

Votingwhy should we Essay Example For Students

Votingwhy should we Essay Why should Americans exercise their right to vote? Why should we vote? Is it really worth our time? The answer is YES. People say that one vote wont change the outcome, but take a look at Florida! Right now, the election of our president is in the people of Floridas hands. Your one vote is very important. Many people take voting for granted. You see? By voting, here in Oklahoma, we are really choosing eight representatives to go to the electoral colleges in December. Those same eight people are also the people from our beloved state that are in the House of Representatives. In December, they the representatives you chose will vote for a president. Their votes are called electoral votes. They are based on the popular votes. When you go to the poles to vote for a president, and the ballots are totaled up those are called the popular votes. My personal opinion is that the popular votes should determine the winner. We will write a custom essay on Votingwhy should we specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Right now, just because a candidate has more popular votes doesnt necessarily mean that they have more electoral votes. The number of electoral votes each state has is determined by that states population. The larger the population, the more electoral votes. In the election that is taking place right now, Al Gore is winning in electoral votes, but, over half of the states voted for George Bush. How is that possible you ask? Because Gore took most of the larger populated states. Now, say you lived in California. That state has 54 electoral votes. What if only half the population of registered voters actually went to vote? Lets say the majority of them voted for Bush, but he only won by one vote. That states electoral votes would be Bushs, and in conclusion, Bush would be president. So, think about this again, does your vote really Bibliography: .

We Should Stop Wars Essays

We Should Stop Wars Essays We Should Stop Wars Essay We Should Stop Wars Essay We Should Stop Wars Jonathan Granoff – â€Å"Nuclear Weapons, Ethics, Morals and Law† Ron Paul – â€Å"Conscription: The Terrible Price of War† Jonathan Granoff – â€Å"Peaace and Security† War and Terrorism is perhaps one of the hottest topics in the U. S. The debate on whether a mosque should be built two blocks away from ground zero has refreshed people’s memory of the terrorist attack nine years ago. Many people in the U. S. believe that we are in a just war with the terrorists who threat the peace of the world. However, how many classifications can wars be categorized? What kind of war should be permissible? In my opinion, the existence of war is evil and should be limited to the minimum possible level. First, I want to argue about the justice of a â€Å"just war†. A just war means it fits both jus ad bellum (the right to go to war) and jus in bello (the just conduct of war) (Boss, 575). Let me start analyzing from the jus ad bellum. As we know, war involves the use of armed violence between nations or between competing political factions to achieve a political purpose (Boss, 571). A war usually starts when two parties believe different thing. Namely, under many circumstances, both sides in a war believe themselves are just and the other side is evil. Even some countries try to start a war that is â€Å"unjust†, they will create a â€Å"just cause†. The Iraq War is an example. I remember in the movie â€Å"Jarhead† about 1990 Gulf War, there is a scene that the military leaders were showing the troops how just this war is by protecting Kuwait from Iraq’s invade, then a soldier whispered to another saying that this war is just for the oil. After failing to prove that Saddam Hussein possessed weapon, the Iraq War is widely considered as an unjust war based on economic purpose. However, how many times can we prove the just cause of a war? How can we prevent any organization from starting another â€Å"Iraq War† if we allow them to use just war as an excuse? The second ingredient of a just war, jus in bello, is also questionable. One frequently used example of just war is when U. S entering World War II. However, the nuclear bombs dropped on Japan definitely violated the principle of jus in bello that â€Å"noncombatants should not be intentionally targeted (Boss, 576). † Nuclear weapon is viewed as â€Å"the ultimate evil† because it could permanently destroy the ecosystem in a large area. â€Å"Not only are they destructive in magnitude but in horror as well (Granoff, 601). Thus, many people are working at stop using any nuclear weapon. Those efforts currently met two problems. The first problem is the potential threat from the countries that already developed nuclear weapons. As long as a group of people have nuclear weapons, the attempt of some others to develop nuclear weapons will still go o n. The second problem is what kind of weapon is considered â€Å"not a proportional response to the injury being redressed†? Should we allow the predator drone to vaporize people or the biological weapon that could spread diseases? Where is the limitation of the â€Å"humanity† for a war? Is killing one person to protect ten other persons a just behavior? What about killing one person to protect a thousand persons? Loss of lives in wars could hardly be just for any reason. In addition, whether a war in the history is a just war is decided by the winner most of the time. The U. S. Independence War is widely viewed as a Just War. The author Boss said that the behavior of France helping the U. S. is just. I cannot agree with him. At that time, the independence of the 13 colonies was viewed as a violation of fidelity. The assistant from France is just based on its economic consideration. What if a Native American reservation claims for independence now? The winner of a War is usually the â€Å"just† side. And when a group lacks the power to engage in conventional warfare, this group might use politically motivated violence to target noncombatants and create intimidation, which is terrorism (Boss, 572). At this point of view, if an organization to not want to be terrorism, this organization needs to have the military power to directly confront enemy. We always condemn terrorist because of the method they use. What about ourselves? According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Yearbook 2010, the U. S. military spend of the U. S. consists 46. 5% of the whole world’s military spend. Does the U. S. need to maintain the largest military spend in order to secure the â€Å"strongest country† in the world? This is questionable. War has never stopped after World War II. There are still about 1. 6 million people killed every year now (Boss, 572). If we allow one type of war to exist, we will give war makers excuse to create other types of wars. As long as human nature does not change, people will seek for more resources and conflict will exist. We must make every effort to stop war.

An Analysis of Ambition in Macbeth by William Shakespeare

An Analysis of Ambition in Macbeth by William Shakespeare In Macbeth, a play set in Scotland, William Shakespeare wrote a tragedy of a man s ambition. In the play, Macbeth is described as a man who has ambitions of becoming king. After the first part of the prophecy by the witches whom he has met returning from battle comes true, he begins to think the second part may also come true, supernatural soliciting cannot be ill, cannot be good. The witches have predicted that Macbeth would first become Thane of Cawdor and then king of Scotland. Encouraged by his wife, Lady Macbeth, he murders King Duncan who stays as a guest in his castle. Macbeth then becomes king of Scotland. According to his critical essay on Macbeth, Shakespeare and the Hazards of Ambition, Robert N. Watson comments that ambition becomes the enemy of all life, especially that of the ambitious man himself, in this play. In Macbeth, Shakespeare interprets a man s lifelong ambition that seems to be fulfilled, but causes consequences that his mind cannot handle. Macbeth s desire to gain wealth and status completely overpowers him. Macbeth becomes more ambitious as his wife and the witches make him question himself and his desires. Lady Macbeth is the biggest encouragement to his ambition, since she uses her husband s trust to change her own future. In Act I, Scene iii, the witches and their prophecies influence Macbeth s ambition as he begins to consider murdering Duncan, If good, why do I yield to that suggestion/ whose horrid image doth unfix my hair/ and make my seated heart knock at my ribs,/ against the use of nature? Macbeth strongly believes witches words. Also, the apparitions who are called by the witches influence Macbeth by making him believe that he is invincible in Act IV, Scene I, rebellion s head, rise never, till the wood/ of Birnam rise, and our high- placed Macbeth/ shall live the lease of nature, pay his breath/ to time, and mortal custom. In Act I, Scene v, Lady Macbeth also influences Macbeth s ambition, Hie thee hither,/ that I may pour my spirits in thine ear,/ and chastise with the valour of my tongue/ all that impedes thee from the golden round,/ which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem/ to have thee crown d withal. She tries to influence him to kill Duncan. She says, Art not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it, meaning that Macbeth is not without ambition, but lack of ruthlessness that is needed. When Macbeth decides not to continue with their plan to murder Duncan, his wife urges him to act on his desires or he will think of himself as a coward. She says, Art thou afeard/ To be the same in thine own act and valour/ As thou art in desire? (Act I, Scene iv) She then makes sure he will perform the deed by taking an active role in preparing for the murder: his two chamberlains/ Will I with wine and wassel so convince, ( Act I, Scene vii) and cleaning up afterwards give me the daggers: the sleeping, and the dead/ Are but as pictures; tis the eye of childhood/ That fears a painted devil. If he do bleed,/ I ll gild the faces of the grooms withal, / For it must seem their guilt. (Act II, Scene ii) As Macbeth worries about failing to carry out the plan, Lady Macbeth tells him to screw up his courage and they wouldn t fail. Although Macbeth becomes king of Scotland after killing King Duncan, he cannot have peace. Duncan s sons escape to England and try to avenge their father. Also, the witches predict that his friend Banquo s descendants will be kings of Scotland. Macbeth orders his men to kill Banquo and his son. During the course of the play, Macbeth changes from a person with some moral sense to a man who will stop at nothing to get and keep what he wants. By the play s end, he has lost all emotion. He cannot even react to his wife s death saying that life is only a tale/ told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,/ signifying nothing. In Macbeth, ambition is the fatal flaw that causes his downfall. The play shows that one may get easily influenced by other people when he/ she is over- ambitions. After becoming king, his endless ambitions lead him into misery and tragic ending. Being obsessed by the witches prophecy, he even tries to control his future, He hath a wisdom that doth guide his valour/ to act in safety. There is none but he/ Whose being I do fear; and under him/ My genius is rebuked, as it is said/ Mark Antony s was by Caesar. Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown,/ And put a barren scepter in my gripe,/ Thence to be wrench d with an unlineal hand,/ No son of mine succeeding (Act III, Scene I). Macbeth considers Banquo and his son Fleance as threats to his security as King. Although outwardly friendly to Banquo, Macbeth is jealous and fearful of him. Throughout the play, it is Macbeth s ambition that destroys his good nature and forces him to break all moral boundaries. Until he meets the three witches, he is loyal to his king, to his wife, and to his friends. If he had not desired to become king, the three withes prophecy would not have changed his life. All of the problems start to develop when he decides to murder Duncan. He commits the murder because he is too ambitious. If he weren t so ambitious and determined to become king, he would not have to kill Duncan. After all, the witches prophecy influences his fate by turning his ambition into a tragic reality. Although he is initially led to evil by the witches prophecy, he does not hesitate to commit crime. After killing Duncan, he kills Banquo and Macduff s family. Macduff flees to England and then gathers an army to overthrow Macbeth. Lady Macbeth becomes a sleepwalker and finally dies in pain. At the end of the play, Macduff kills Macbeth in battle. Duncan s son, Malcom then becomes the king of Scotland. If Macbeth patiently waited for his time, he would have become king peacefully and have had a chance to enjoy it. The play, Macbeth, shares themes with other stories, with historic and current events, and with individual, personal experiences with which one can identify. Ambition which is one of Macbeths themes can be traced to the issue of corruption in national politics, in sports, and in a terrorist government. The Watergate scandal, the 1988 and 1994 Olympic Games, and Haiti s historic civil unrest are examples of abused power, scandal, and violence in which the players are motivated by ambition.

Escaping Embarrassment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Escaping Embarrassment - Essay Example A strong example that the author closely relates to is that of a rapper who is performing on stage to a particular audience. It’s noted that when a rapper is close to making an embarrassing mistake such as an abrupt stop during a performance, they instead use rhymes that are prewritten. This closely brings out a learned behavior that the rapper has internalized to avoid bringing the performance to an abrupt stop. Alternatively, a colleague with whom they share the duty of keeping the performance going may actually chip in and continue with the rapping. This timely intervention keeps the performance going on and spares the other rapper the embarrassment of messing it up. This is what the author refers to as collateral face saving. Hence, an individual can escape embarrassment through either employing â€Å"canned resources† which are behaviors that have been learned over time or through collateral face saving. These same social resources can be employed in other social s ituations that require an individual to save their face and avoid an embarrassing situation (Jooyung). First, a distinct connection with these observations was made by Goffman as he explores the presentation of an individual in everyday life. He keenly looks at factors that affect face to face interactions. Goffman argues that when a performer comes on stage to perform, he or she will always try to influence the impression of the audience by altering his or her setting, appearance or manner. Concurrently, the person the individual is interacting with is on the same hand attempting to get information about the performer. Hence, Goffman observed that all parties involved in a particular social interaction are automatically involved in particular practices aimed at either avoiding embarrassing others or being embarrassed (Gofman). Secondly, the author, Sawyer compares

Religion in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Religion in Africa - Essay Example African independent churches formed as a result of the political, social, and economic conditions that were prevalent in Africa at the time. Independent churches were formed as a way of protesting against colonial rule and how Africans, despite being considered equal to Europeans as Christians, were treated as lesser human beings. In most circumstances, Africans resented that they were forced to abandon their own ways and communities by the colonial governments through the influence of Christianity, so that these governments could continue to dominate every aspect of their lives (Mosala, 1985). They felt that Christianity was an extension of colonialism and this made it difficult for them to accept a European led church as part of their lives. These circumstances sowed the seeds of dissention among them as well as the need to remove themselves from the authority of European-led missions and to create churches of their own. As political movements against colonial rule, independent churches took an active part in rejecting the European way of life and chose instead to look back towards the African way of life where they be lieved that they were better off (Machoko, 2013). Their rejection of European ways ensured that they gained followers who felt the same way and this allowed these churches to thrive as they created a new niche for themselves within the Christian community. These movements had charismatic leaders who ensured that they took the first steps towards breaking away from their mother churches and form churches that were truly independent from ones of western origin through the integration of African practices. Independent churches came into being as a place of refuge for those Africans who did not have enough authority or economic means to protect themselves within their societies (Oduro 2006). These churches were highly attractive to the poor, oppressed and outcasts in their communities for whom

Alignment of HRM and Business strategies Essay Example for Free

Alignment of HRM and Business strategies Essay The essence of HR is very strategic and when properly aligned, HR contributes to a successful strategy and the financial underline. The alignment between HR and the strategy of an organization starts with a strategy-focused professional. Secondly, the HR system has to be created in alignment with the organization’s strategy. HR needs to ensure that employees are strategically focused (Becker Huselid, 2001). Every element of the HR function, from hiring, compensation, reviews, training, etc. , needs to be developed in order to enlarge the human capital in the organization. Once the gap is recognized, HR needs to measure itself to guide itself, and show what it’s worth as an ongoing strategic segment. Ongoing monitoring and evaluation of HR strategic role expansion will prove itself to be worthy or not as a benefit to the bottom line. HR is viewed as the people department and/or resource. The organization’s people ultimately determine the effectiveness of strategy development, implementation, and subsequent competitive success. A strategic approach that is aligned with HR ensures that an organization’s employees, skills, and abilities contribute to the achievement of its business goals (Huselid, Jackson, Schuler, 1997). HR Data warehouse Selected Candidate will be responsible for design, implementation and systems expertise of the data warehouse components focusing primarily on business objects Xi. The scope of technical expertise includes design and development of BO reports, security set-up of medium to high complexity levels as well as the ability to coordinate projects with business personnel and other members of the project teams within the organization to ensure that system requirements, deadlines and priorities are clearly defined and achieved. HR Associate is the best HR related job opening I would prefer to apply in FORD Motor Group. I believe it is an incredible opportunity – a company in transformation can provide invaluable experience for human resources professionals. I also get to partner with the organization to build a skilled and motivated team and enabling them to perform at high levels. With exciting products, a long history and a bright future this job position will surely allow me to expand my professional horizons. An organization needs to acknowledge that HR is important to its business success. In order for HR to achieve this recognition, it must have the right people in place to carry out a strategic initiative. HR needs to define the competencies and skills that it will need to be a strategic contributor. Outstanding HR personal will need to build their business knowledge, financial skills, as well as consulting skills. Furthermore, HR personal will need to become technologically oriented, so they can be free from routine administrative work, as well as leverage information about the workforce. Enabled by technology, HR will be able to play a more strategic managerial role (Frangos, 2002). Advertise job positions in locations and forums with a widely diverse audience and readership. Opt for local and regional papers, magazines, trade publications and television. Recognize the cultures that may already be present in the workforce. Not confusing diversity with minority. Make sure to include everyone in my attempts to celebrate diversity. Network with various diverse organizations will provide with the opportunity to showcase the company and its diverse workers. Using such forums to emphasize the companys dedication to diversity will likely increase interest from diverse individuals.

The African Athena Controversy Essay example -- Ancient Civilizations

The â€Å"African Athena Controversy† is a topic that has been under attack by numerous authorities as to who is the best authority and has the best interpretation on the origin of ancient Greece. The author’s in this reading set have some form of experience or expertise and offer their different perspectives on Greece’s origins. All three authors admit that the Greek language is an Indo-European language and words that do not directly correlate were probably loaned, borrowed, but not stolen (Bernal, p. 6), (Berlinerblau, p. 16), and (Lefkowitz, p. 4). After analyzing the three reading sets, this writer agrees with Bernal’s argument that the Egyptians and Phoenicians did have a strong influence on Greece as his Revised Ancient Model asserts and that his syllogism is plausible. He infers that his Revised Ancient Model had been in competition with the Aryan Model regarding its plausibility and not over certainty† (Bernal, p. 9). He elaborates, the issue of â€Å"competitive plausibility† was in regards to the model being â€Å"plausible† despite the facts of â€Å"contemporary documents of the Late Bronze Age, archaeology, language, toponyms, divine and mythological names, religious ritual, and historical analogy or typology† (Bernal, p. 9). Bernal’s Revised Ancient Model has both strong support and the movement towards favoring the model, by documents, archaeology, language, and cult. He goes on to say that plausibility is better than predictability. That plausibility hypothesis can and should be tested, as new evidence is unearthed and that the parallels of Eastern Mediterranean civilization should and need to be crossed check as well. His opinion on â€Å"prediction is not favorable, because in light of competition, evidence can fit into eith... ...of the Greece, as Bernal’s Revised Ancient Model asserts. Works Cited Berlinerblau, J. (1999). The Aryan Models. Heresy in the University: The Black Athena controversy and the reponsibilities of American intellectuals [Portfolio reading set]. Retrieved from University of Massachusetts at Boston: http://www.UMB.edu Bernal, M. (2001). Introduction Black Athena writes back [Portfolio reading set]. Retrieved from University of Massachusetts at Boston: http://www.UMB.edu Lefkowitz, M. R. (1996). Ancient history, Modern Myths. Black Athena Revisited [Portfolio reading set]. Retrieved from University of Massachusetts at Boston: http://www.UMB.edu The African Athena Controversy [Portfolio reading set]. (2012, June). Retrieved from University of Massachusetts at Boston, CEHD, CLA, CPCS, CSM, and CNHS Writing proficiency evaluation (WPE): http://www.UMB.edu The African Athena Controversy Essay example -- Ancient Civilizations The â€Å"African Athena Controversy† is a topic that has been under attack by numerous authorities as to who is the best authority and has the best interpretation on the origin of ancient Greece. The author’s in this reading set have some form of experience or expertise and offer their different perspectives on Greece’s origins. All three authors admit that the Greek language is an Indo-European language and words that do not directly correlate were probably loaned, borrowed, but not stolen (Bernal, p. 6), (Berlinerblau, p. 16), and (Lefkowitz, p. 4). After analyzing the three reading sets, this writer agrees with Bernal’s argument that the Egyptians and Phoenicians did have a strong influence on Greece as his Revised Ancient Model asserts and that his syllogism is plausible. He infers that his Revised Ancient Model had been in competition with the Aryan Model regarding its plausibility and not over certainty† (Bernal, p. 9). He elaborates, the issue of â€Å"competitive plausibility† was in regards to the model being â€Å"plausible† despite the facts of â€Å"contemporary documents of the Late Bronze Age, archaeology, language, toponyms, divine and mythological names, religious ritual, and historical analogy or typology† (Bernal, p. 9). Bernal’s Revised Ancient Model has both strong support and the movement towards favoring the model, by documents, archaeology, language, and cult. He goes on to say that plausibility is better than predictability. That plausibility hypothesis can and should be tested, as new evidence is unearthed and that the parallels of Eastern Mediterranean civilization should and need to be crossed check as well. His opinion on â€Å"prediction is not favorable, because in light of competition, evidence can fit into eith... ...of the Greece, as Bernal’s Revised Ancient Model asserts. Works Cited Berlinerblau, J. (1999). The Aryan Models. Heresy in the University: The Black Athena controversy and the reponsibilities of American intellectuals [Portfolio reading set]. Retrieved from University of Massachusetts at Boston: http://www.UMB.edu Bernal, M. (2001). Introduction Black Athena writes back [Portfolio reading set]. Retrieved from University of Massachusetts at Boston: http://www.UMB.edu Lefkowitz, M. R. (1996). Ancient history, Modern Myths. Black Athena Revisited [Portfolio reading set]. Retrieved from University of Massachusetts at Boston: http://www.UMB.edu The African Athena Controversy [Portfolio reading set]. (2012, June). Retrieved from University of Massachusetts at Boston, CEHD, CLA, CPCS, CSM, and CNHS Writing proficiency evaluation (WPE): http://www.UMB.edu

Diversity Organizations Essay

For years throughout U.S. history women were not afforded the same rights that men were. Throughout history women were thought of being intellectually inferior to men and a source of evil and temptation (Women’s International Center, 1994). In early America women were not allowed to vote or work outside of their home and were ridiculed when they did. It was the culture of early America that women were to remain behind the men being in a supportive role but not to voice their opinions. Through much suffrage, it was not until 1848 that the women’s movement came to its beginnings. Focusing on the social, civil, and religious condition and rights women at the Seneca Falls Convention in New York began to express their rights and wants. Headed by Elizabeth C. Stanton and Lucretia Mott, it marked a new era for women in the United States. While the right for equality continued and the creation of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) by Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, it brought opposition of the 14th and 15th Amendments (extending citizenship rights and granting voting rights to freedmen) due to its exclusion of women (U.S. Office of Art & Archives, n.d.). By the 1920’s the struggle for equality was answered and the status of women had grown. On August 18, 1920, the right to vote was ratified by the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution affording the right to vote for women. Today, women throughout the U.S. still fight for woman equality through established organizations. The National Organization for Women (a major source of protection on workplace equality and reproductive rights) has been at the forefront in support of women. With the assistance of so many organizations in the fight for women’s rights, that statuses of women are equally more today than that of years passed. Status of women i n United States history today The role and status of women has drastically changed throughout the decades. Women have taken a more responsible role outside of the home in joining the  workforce. From being one-third of the workforce in the late 60’s, they make up more than half of the force in the U.S. today. According to Center for American Progress (2014), women have also gained a considerable role within politics in the country with record numbers serving in congress (para. 1). With the fight to end gender discrimination by big insurance companies, women have solidified their economic security. Constructions of masculinity and femininity seen in society and media As American culture continuously evolves, so do the lines of male and female roles and functions. Society’s view of masculine and feminine roles has become embedded in the minds of people. From an employment standpoint, society views for example that doctors and lawyers are one of a masculine role whereas nurses, teachers or social workers would be more of a feminine role. The media’s portrayal is just as bias to the constructions of masculinity and femininity. An example in modern media would be that tattoos and a considerable amount of muscle mass would be viewed as one of a masculine trait. More often the depictions are movies; music videos and even in magazines. The role of a homemaker has been viewed for example as one of a feminine role. Although the depictions are in the mainstream, it has been a barrier broken down by both men and women taking on varied diverse roles. Status of GLBT people historically The GLBT community, throughout history has faced much discrimination and prejudice. The GLBT community has had it hurdles of being socially acceptable and still does today. In the United States, members of the GLBT community historically were a cultural minority. Through much oppression, the gay liberation movement of the 1970’s brought forth pride marches every June in the United States. During the 80’s socially the status of the GLBT community was decimated by the AIDS epidemic. This led to fear and ridicule being described as the, â€Å"Gay Man’s Cancer†. There has never been a more separation of social status with any other community than of the GLBT community. Status of GLBT people today Although America is widely divided today attitudes are changing rapidly in acceptance of gays and lesbians. With the growing approval of same-sex marriage, basic civil liberties and freedom of expression for the GLBT  community, the trend of greater tolerance is growing. Over the last two decades, same-sex marriage has risen in support with 11% approval in 1988 to 46% approval and rising today. The status of patriotism and service of GLBT members in uniform in the past resulted in the uncomfortable compromise of â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† (Morris, PhD, 2014). This crusade like movement ultimately abolished decades of military forms of discrimination and dishonorable discharges. Although there are a great many that seek to dissolve, it creates an opposition between both the hetero and homosexual communities. Social and political issues relevant to women and GLBT people in the U.S A political issue relevant to women would be health care reform. With the Affordable Care Act it provides advances for the women’s health issues. The current pending case on contraceptive insurance coverage is an endless debate women’s rights and health. An extraordinary and yet accomplished issue for the GLBT community is the recent strike down of Arkansas 2004 amendment prohibiting same sex marriage (Volsky, 2014). The original ban was in violation of the state constitution and the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. References Women’s International Center. (1994). Women’s History in America. Retrieved from http://www.wic.org/misc/history.htm U.S. Office of Art & Archives. (n.d.). The Women’s Rights Movement, 1848–1920. Retrieved from http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/WIC/Historical-Essays/No-Lady/Womens-Rights/ Rainbo Organization. (2009). Organizations Fight for Womens Rights. Retrieved from http://www.rainbo.org/organizations-fight-for-womens-rights/ Sewall-Belmont House & Museum. (n.d.). Women’s History in the U.S. Retrieved from http://www.sewallbelmont.org/learn/womens-history-in-the-u-s/ Bader, E. J. (2014). Reproductive Justice and Women’s Equality: There is Some Good News!. Retrieved from http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/23588-reproductive-justice-and-womens-equality-there-is-some-good-news Volsky, Igor. (2014). Judge Strikes Down Arkansas’ Same-Sex Marriage Ban. Retrieved from http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2014/05/09/3436443/ju dge-invalidates-arkansas-b an-against-same-sex-marriage/ Morris, PhD, B. J. (2014). History of Lesbian, Gay, & Bisexual Social Movements. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/history.aspx Associate Program Material Diversity Organizations Worksheet Search the Internet for information related to the following: Women’s rights organizations Equality organizations Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) rights organizations Note. You may also refer to the Internet Resource Directory of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Complete the following table with notes and thoughts related to your findings: Site Thoughts/Notes Ford Foundation (http://www.fordfoundation.org) Supports inequality & discrimination Network building for women & human rights organizations against discrimination & inequality Equality Now (http://www.equalitynow.org) campaigns to raise awareness by highlighting individual cases of pervasive and severe violations against women and girls calls for the repeal of all laws that discriminate against women in accordance with international and regional human rights standards Human Rights Campaign (http://www.hrc.org/) organization working to achieve equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Americans represents a force of more than 1.5 million members and supporters nationwide mobilizes grassroots actions in diverse communities invests strategically to elect fair-minded individuals to office and educates the public about LGBT issues. Use your notes to aid in your responses to the questions below. You may need additional resources from the University Library to complete this activity. Write a 750 to 1,050- word paper answering the following questions: What has been the status of women in the United States throughout history? What is the status of women in the U.S. today? What are some examples of concepts or constructions of masculinity and femininity that you see in society and in media? Historically, what has been the social status of GLBT people? What is the status of GLBT people in the U.S. today? What are some social and political issues relevant to women and GLBT people in the U.S.? Provide citations for all the sources you use. Submit this Diversity Organizations worksheet and your paper as instructed by your facilitator.

Branches of the Criminal Justice

The system of courts, corrections and law enforcement in the criminal justice is directly involved in the supervision, incarceration, sentencing, defense, prosecution, and apprehension of those charged with or suspected of criminal offenses. Law enforcement agencies, in one hand, are governmental agencies or subunits thereof having legal authority to arrest and to carry out crime reduction and control (National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, 2004). For the majority of the time, however, their work is composed of three principal functions which include law enforcement, service and order maintenance.On the contrary, justice is one of the primary aspects of law enforcement; hence the courts are as well of major significance in criminal justice since it encourages freedom and justice, in addition to law and order. Basically, the courts function as the location where justice is governed and disputes are resolved (Answers. com, 2009). From the court system and following the findin gs of guilt, individuals are then turned over to the correctional authorities.The corrections will then administer the sanctions conferred by the court against convicted criminals (Osceola County Clerk of Circuit Court’s Office, 2000). Taken as a whole, the criminal justice system is a fundamental component in the maintenance of social control and order. Efficiency, Conflict and Abuse of Power The criminal justice in general is used by local and national governments, in order to uphold social authority, control, crime deterrence, and to appropriately penalize those who violated the laws.However, there are large numbers of existing specific agencies that carry out the tasks of the criminal justice; each of which has its own extensive functions to act upon. The courts, for instance, despite of their various levels, divisions and specializations, are still experiencing difficulty from the incessant clogging of their court dockets due to the large number of cases that are brought to them everyday. Clearly, the efficiency of services will not be delivered if the branches of criminal justice system are merged, without suffering fairness, impartiality, and social control and administration.Likewise, criminal justice system has several components, and in their functioning, each of which has several stages of process. As such, performance of functions will likely cause conflict if all the branches are merged into one agency. For instance, due to the law enforcement officers’ field experiences and orientations, their perspective of what is culpable may be different from that of the judges’, which possesses more subtle legal qualities than any other individuals in any of the other two branches.Consequently, divergences of standpoints will then arise resulting to constant conflicts. Lastly, the possibility of abuse of power would be more evident if the three branches of the criminal justice system are merged into one single agency that execute the fun ctions of all three. This is because the respective attributes of each branch are different. The law enforcement officers’ task is to basically bring lawbreakers to the criminal justice system (EduDecisions. com, 2009). As such, their duties and responsibilities primarily involve executive function.For a fair trial, law enforcement officers bring the lawbreakers to the courts, and obviously, judicial functions are then performed. However, there would be no fair trial if one agency performs both executive and judicial functions. All the more if the same agency will hand out and administer the offenders’ rehabilitation. These circumstances are clearly vulnerable to abuse in view of the fact that it concentrates broad and significant powers into one agency. Conclusion A criminal justice system that is independent, fair, honest and effective is one of the most indispensable institutions of America.Accordingly, despite the modernization of times, the continued division betw een the law enforcement, courts and corrections is still very necessary. Although the three branches must still cooperate with each other in order to provide justice for victims, criminals and the society; nevertheless, the system still needs to be structurally based in order to maintain effective social control, efficiency, impartiality, goal organization and accountability. References Answers. com. (2009). Criminal Justice. Retrieved March 9, 2009, from http://www. answers. com/topic/criminal-justice#CourtsEduDecisions. com. (2009, March 2). The United States Criminal Justice System. Retrieved March 9, 2009, from http://www. edudecisions. com/articles/criminal-justice-careers/criminal-justice-system. php National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund. (2004, March 17). Adding a Name to the Memorial. Retrieved March 9, 2009, from http://www. nleomf. com/TheMemorial/addname. htm Osceola County Clerk of Circuit Court’s Office. (2000). A Criminal Justice System Overview. Retri eved March 10, 2009, from http://www. osceolaclerk. com/criminal_justice_system_overview. htm

Social Media Audit How to Complete Yours In 9 Steps (Free Template)

Social Media Audit How to Complete Yours In 9 Steps (Free Template) Audits are annoying, uncomfortable, and time-consuming. No one likes them. And no, Im not talking about getting an audit from the IRS (although that is annoying, uncomfortable, and time-consuming too). I’m talking about running a social media audit. Running a social media audit may not be the most glamorous part of your job. But, like it or not, it needs to be done. After all, how else will you know if your strategy is (or isn’t) working? Or if there are massive problems going unfixed right under your nose? And what about opportunities you might not realize are right in front of you, too? An audit  can help your team identify all of the above (and more). Best of all, completing one successfully doesn’t have to be a tear-your-hair-out sort of process. Not when you follow this simple process (and use our free templates). Whats ?: is an all-in-one marketing calendar to organize your busy team. Equipped with robust social media scheduling and analysis features, its a powerful platform that can help you plan, publish, and measure your social media marketing. Learn more about us. Download Your Social Media Audit Template + Checklist Auditing your social presence doesn’t have to take forever. With our free template, we’ve saved you the time of having to build your own spreadsheet. Plus, with our checklist, you can easily walk through all the necessary steps without wasting time wondering what you should do. Sounds like a dream, right? Well, it’s time to make that dream a reality by snagging ‘em both below.How To Complete A Social Media Audit In Nine Steps (Free Template + Checklist)What is a Social Media Audit? For the purposes of this post a social media audit is: An annual analysis of your social media profiles to determine what is and isn't working for your strategy. What's a social media audit?Why Should I Care About Auditing My Brand’s Social Presence? There are plenty of reasons, but here are the three most important: Identifying strengths and weaknesses in your execution. Making sure you aren’t missing opportunities anywhere. Ensuring you’re representing your brand appropriately. In short, doing an audit is like doing one big house-cleaning project. It’ll take some work, but you’ll be happier and more successful when you’re done.

Birth Defects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Birth Defects - Essay Example The paper aims at exploring some of the potent birth defects that are plaguing the mankind; probable causes behind these birth defects and the measures that can be applied to prevent the birth defects in newborns. Current Scenario in the UK Smith (2011) argues that one in 80 babies suffers some kind of a birth defect in the UK such as Down's syndrome or neural tube defects such as spina bifida or congenital heart disease. The surprising part is that the proportion of birth defects in the newborns has almost doubled from the previous estimate. The rise in numbers is purely attributed to a better data collection system and nothing else. In 2009, there were, as per the researchers’ estimate, 14,500 babies with some sort of birth defects in England and Wales. By the way, London had the highest cases of Down's syndrome (34 per 10,000 children) then among major towns. Heart disorder is found to be the most common birth defect among the newborns in the UK needing surgery. At least si x percent of newborns with heart disease are not likely to survive. Spina bifida or neural tube defects are found in at least one in 1,000 babies and doctors say that the birth defects could have been simply prevented if mothers were given folic acid in adequate quantity during pregnancy. Similarly, cleft lip or palate is found to be in 15.2 babies per 10,000; Edwards’ syndrome in seven per 10,000 and Patau’s syndrome in two per 10,000 babies of England and Wales. At least, 50 percent of the defects were detected during pregnancy itself. It is noteworthy that numbers of birth defects due to Down's syndrome are increasing perhaps due to pregnancy incidents at higher age (Smith, 2011). Birth Defects due to External Agents Chiras (2012) emphasises that most birth defects are caused due to some sort of chemical, physical or biological agents. Dietary deficiency of folic acid also plays a pivotal role in birth defects. The time of exposure to any of these agents play a cruc ial role in causing a birth-defect. Organ systems are the most affected parts due to the exposure to any of harmful agent. The central nervous system is more at risk because it starts developing during the third week of pregnancy – a time when woman is not even aware that she is pregnant. Women in the habit of consuming alcohol or drugs are most likely to harm central nervous system, heart, limbs and eyes of the baby as these organs start developing as early as third week of pregnancy. Birth Defect Classifications Broadly, birth defects can be classified into two kinds: Functional and Structural. Functional birth defect relates with the abnormal functioning of some body part. Mental retardation, learning disabilities, speech difficulties are the brain defects that indicate about the functional impairment. Examples of birth defects pertaining to nervous system include Down’s syndrome, autism, and Fragile X syndrome. Metabolic disorders such as phynylketonuria (PKU) or h ypothyroidism are examples of functional disorder. Cleft lip or palate, spina bifida are the examples of Structural birth defects. Missing heart valve, abnormal limbs such as a club foot also fall in this category. Some of the birth defects that follow will explain how they impair body’s normal functioning and learning abilities. Down’s syndrome Down's syndrome is a congenital disorder impacting physical and mental growth of the child. The children with Down's syndrome are also found to be impacted with high incidence of heart disease, hearing or vision issues, Alzheimer's disease. Down's syndrome is found more in boys (by 15%) than girls. More incidences of Down' syndrome is noticed at the places where mothers give births at higher age. Mother with age 45 or above carries the

Fleet Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Fleet Planning - Essay Example According to Clark, fleet commonality avails many benefits to the manufacturer and to the operators of the produced aircraft. Airlines are the operators of these aircraft. They are able to save financially, decrease and comprehend the risks associated with the aircraft. Saving financially is a benefit that fleet commonality provides. This is based on the fact that currently, jet fuel prices have skyrocketed. This has called upon effective planning by airlines to mitigate the negative consequences of these inflated prices. Financial saving is of utmost importance to airlines. Fleet commonality provides financial saving through the provision of common spares for the fleet. The airline does not have to buy spares for aircraft repair from different aircraft manufacturers. This makes it easy to agree on prices and deals that are financially friendly to the airline. This is very significant because aircraft are subject to damage and repairs are needed, without which the aircraft is rendere d useless. It is time dependent because the aircraft model is bound to change with time as the manufacturers alter it to suit demands. The time frame for this benefit could be up to three years after the time of delivery because a present aircraft may not have much in common with a model manufactured three years earlier (Clark, 95).Many airlines have specific ground support apparatus that are well-suited with a specific fleet of aircraft. This means that the airline has invested in these ground support apparatus.

Discussion Board Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion Board Criminal Justice - Essay Example Law officers are known to lie under some pretext during an investigation to elicit information. The psychology of the criminals, the mandate of the Supreme Court, and the totality of the circumstance surrounding a case allows an officer to use psychic methods to bring forth revelations to solve cases. Officers in the process of interrogation can play this card if only to get valuable information from hardcore criminals. Rarely will any criminal openly declare his guilt in an interrogation unless he believes that the odds against him beating the case are overwhelming. Officers find themselves staring at an uncompromising, non-committal criminal in most cases. "If you can't beat them, join them" is a familiar phrase that most of us know. This is precisely what these officers in uniform do. Lie to a criminal, utilizing deception as a tool, to make it appear that there is evidence against the criminal to prove his involvement. This has a telling effect on the criminal. "A confession which is the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice by its maker may be used as evidence to establish the guilt of the defendant in court. FSM v. Jonathan, 2 FSM Interim. 189,194 (Kos. 1986) Although questioning of witnesses and suspects is a necessary tool for the effective enforcement of criminal law, courts have recognized that there is an unbroken line from physical brutality to more subtle police use of deception, intimidation and manipulation, and that vigilance is required. FSM v. Jonathan, 2 FSM Interim. 189,195 (Kos. 1986) When a defendant has expressed a wish to meet with counsel before further questioning, questioning must cease at once. Any attempt by police officers to ignore or override the defendant's wish, or to dissuade him from exercising his right, violates 12 F.S.M.C. 218. FSM v. Edward, 3 FSM Interim. 224, 235 (Pon. 1987) Now consider these: Where a police officer promised to reduce charges if the defendant cooperated but there was no other showing of police intimidation or manipulation and the defendant had recognized that his guilt was apparent, the confession was not induced by the promises but instead was a voluntary response to the futility of carrying the deceit further. FSM v. Jonathan, 2 FSM Interim. 189,198 (Kos. 1986) In determining whether a defendant's statement to police is "voluntary," consistent with the due process requirements of the Constitution, courts should consider the totality of the surrounding circumstances. Courts review the actual circumstances surrounding confession and attempt to assess the psychological impact on the accused of those circum stances. FSM v. Edward, 3 FSM Interim. 224, 238 (Pon. 1987)" (Criminal Law and Procedure-Interrogation and Confession, zdigest.4.pdf referred on

Robotics in the Manufacturing Industry Research Paper

Robotics in the Manufacturing Industry - Research Paper Example Secondly, a robot has to abide by the orders given to it by human beings apart from where such orders would vary with the First Law. Last one is, a robot ought to guard its own survival as long as such fortification does not conflict with the First or Second Law. Now in present era, robots are widely used by many of the industrial units in order to disseminate their work properly. These laws of Isaac had influenced many of the entrepreneurs and make them forced to think about the creative ideas of using robots in their industries. Therefore, Robotics is now widely accepted all around the world and even computer fields and engineering fields are now much more concerned about robots. As they are being used in many factories within critical situations where humans cannot lend a hand, for illustration cleaning of toxic material, defusing bombs situation, making robots work when any place in factory caught on fire and no human could dare to go in and save things that are too much important. A study in past has also identified four places where robots can work: Computer manufacturing systems, agriculture, defense and service sector (Akin & Murphy, 2012). Now a day’s robots have been used as a launch pad to inshore manufacturing for organizations such as Apple, Lenovo, Samsung, and Foxconn. With more organizations looking for bend forward manufacturing way outs, industrial manufacturing robots offer many paybacks that companies need to continue competitive. The speed of robots, repeatability of doing work, and competence that manufacturing robots provide can  augment output and profits, lessen costs, and maintain jobs. One of the positivity’s a robot contains is â€Å"Quality†, it has the aptitude to noticeably perk up product quality. Applications performed by robots are at exactitude and oflofty repeatability all the time. This stage of steadiness can be stiff to

Events Leading Up to the American Revolution

Events Leading Up to the American Revolution The Origins of the American Revolution Thesis statement: American Revolution brought about by pregnancy and childbirth.† Pregnancy got as a result of the spread of tyranny, corruption, injustice and lack of dignity and freedom imposed by the political rule of Britain. The birth action took place as a result of intellectual transformations and way of thinking of American society. The success of the United States today was the significant result of the revolution. Research question: In what ways did the major events previous to the American Revolution establish the road map that led to the success of the American Revolution? The first spark of the American Revolution can be traced to the year 1763 when the leaders took the reins tightly the British Empire. The conflicts began to rupture relations between Britain and the colonies, especially after the empire became in dire need of money to manage its own affairs. The American Revolution, after two hundred and fifty years, is superficially well-known and inadequately understood. General narratives mostly treat it as a colonial rebellion. They equate it primarily with the growing resistance to imperial policy that led to an outbreak of hostilities at Lexington in April 1775 and concluded with British recognition of the United States eight years later. The achievement of political independence was its grand objective, besides which all other matters paled in importance. According to this familiar story the revolution came to its climax with the declaration of Independence in 1776; there after it was almost synonymous with the war. The American Revolution is considered the first modern revolution in history where people fought for their independence as the universal principles represented by the sovereignty of the people and the rule of law and constitutional rights. [1] [1] Colin Bonwick, The American Revolution p.1 French and Indian War, Navigation Acts, Salutary Neglect is considered as Long Term Causes of the American Revolution Under the circumstances it seemed reasonable to the British government to seek new sources of revenue in colonies and to make the navigation system more efficient in ways the royal officials had long advocated. A half century of what Edmund Burke called salutary neglect had come to an end. Decidedly in March 1765, Parliament by an overwhelming majority passed the Stamp Act, which levied a tax on legal documents, almanacs, newspapers, and nearly every form of paper used in the colonies. Like all duties, tax was to be paid in British sterling, not in colonial paper money. Although taxes had [2] Gordon S. Wood, The American Revolution p.3 [3] The American Revolution p. 23 been used in England since stamp i 694 and several colonial assemblies had resorted to them in the in 750s, Parliament had never before imposed such a tax directly on the colonists. It is surprising, therefore, that the stamp Act galvanized colonial opinion as nothing ever had. This single declared William Smith, Jr., of New York, has lost stroke, Great Britain the affection of all her Colonies. [4] From the book â€Å"1001 Events That Made America† by the American author Alan Axelrod said â€Å"DECEMBER 16 A group of militant Bostonians respond to the Tea Act by dressing as Indians boarding three British tea ships in Boston Harbor, and throwing tea valued at 18,000 $ overboard. The â€Å"Boston Tea Party† galvanizes colonial opposition to the Crowns continued policy of regulating colonial commerce and taxing the colonies, which are not represented in Parliament.† So we can say this act calorized as one of the events that made America what is it like today. Boston Tea Party Currier colored (first primary source) Where not Boston Tea Party, the sense, where it did not offer tea or coffee or other drinks, but it was the beginning of the revolution and the war of liberation and the British colonization in the New World, the continent of North America, currently. Summed up the events of the Tea Party that number of Americans hide uniformed American Indians, and slipped into three British ship anchored in the port of Boston and loaded with boxes of tea, and threw 342 crates of tea nearly $ 1 million worth of money into the sea, rejecting the governments decision to import and pay customs tax prohibitive them. The blatant acts of destruction of British property by American colonists, the mentioned Tea Party, in addition to the Americans disobedience, upset British Parliament that enacted the Coercive Acts. These included closing of the Port of Boston until the substitution of damages caused due to the Boston Tea Party. Similarly, Massachusetts Government restricted the Massachusetts; town meetings and transformed the Governing Council into an appointed body. At the same time, the British officials through the administration of Justice became immune to criminal prosecution in the state of Massachusetts. Finally, the Quartering Action included house and quarter British troops on demand, even if this necessitated American private homes. These in turn led to the outrage of American Patriots. [5] [4] Gordon S. Wood, The American Revolution p.24 [5] The American Revolution by Colin Bonwick p.78-79 The religion can be regarded as one of the major origin of the American Revolution. It had a special role by providing moral punishment for opposition to the British. In addition, the Revolution was being considered justified in the sight of God to the average American. They have been succeeded to convert colonialism resistance into a righteous cause. As well as, this image was transferred to all ranks and in all parts of the colonies. Accordingly, ministers did the work of secular radicalism and served the American cause in many capacities, namely, as members of state legislatures and as military chaplains. The Revolution caused split of the Church of England in which their minister traditionally support the King. In certain places religion flourished because of the present of active ministers, but in other areas, worship suffered due to the churches destruction. [6] (http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel03.html) Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason quote in the appendix This quote is from the famous book â€Å"the Age of Reason† this book published in three parts, this quote is from the second part that has published in 1795. This book has been produced in London; this book is written by the famous American author Thomas Paine. In addition to his revolutionary, he was author, political theorist and an English-American political activist. As well as he was the author of two highly influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution. In fact, he inspired the Patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Britain. These factors lead to make his ideas to reflect Enlightenment-era rhetoric of transnational human rights. The American Revolution succeeded to pursue high morals and legitimate ways and methods to achieve their goals as well as, avoided falling into the trap of revenge and moved away from creating enemies and swirling various problems. The standstill of trade and the dependent of the economy on foreign currency were among the direct short term effects result of the American Revolution War. Some additional effects of this kind were the increase in colonists and that can be found all over the country these simple are short term causes. Some people argue that the American Revolution is a revolution from down (lower class) to up (upper class) either might say it’s from up to down considering George Watsontown as the sage of the American Revolution (father of the Revolution) and other important people in the upper class too. found in republican regime create a nation very different from contemporary European societies, set an ideological agenda for the future, constructed a political frame work sufficiently strong and supple to meet the needs of later generations, and propelled the United States in a democratic direction. These developments were the heart of the Revolution The revolution was rooted in colonial society, politics and intellect at a particular stage, but it took far longer to complete the structure of republic government than to win the war; the development of republican culture was continuous and unending. It would be wrong to exaggerate the extent of Revolutionary change. Americans did not face the same social challenge as the French after 1789 and the Russians in 1917. Anglo-French War (1754-1763) deepened the debt which required the British to get more revenue from the colonies. At the same time, the colonies become less dependent on British protection. found in republican regime create a nation very different from contemporary European societies, set an ideological agenda for the future, constructed a political frame work sufficiently strong and supple to meet the needs of later generations, and propelled the United States in a democratic direction. These developments were the heart of the Revolution The revolution was rooted in colonial society, politics and intellect at a particular stage, but it took far longer to complete the structure of republic government than to win the war; the development of republican culture was continuous and unending.

Drama Portfiolo About Two Friends Leaving Each Other :: Drama Theatre Acting Plays Essays

Drama Portfiolo About Two Friends Leaving Each Other For a drama piece, we were told to do two friends leaving each other. The time period was in the future. One friend is leaving the house they live in, and going to an unknown planet for a different life, promised by the company taking us was a world were dreams became reality and there were no worries or fears. We could leave our previous life behind for a new, perfect one. The public are free to come but they may only bring five personal items. I worked with Danny. The scene portrayed myself (playing the part of Crispin) packing up my single suitcase and heading to the air base where we would rendezvous with the spacecraft. The character of Crispin is a little unusual. He is very geeky, but he can be quite strong when talking to people, especially Jacob. He stands up for himself. His voice consists of a fast lisp, and a stutter. I think he is quite a nervous person. Though he and Jacob have nothing in common and occasionaly fall out, they are good friends, and they only truly appreciate one another when not in each others company. While packing, Crispin has some soliloquies and thinks deeply about each packed item before placing it in carefully in the case. (Crispin is a very precise character) The first item was a large photo of London, Crispins original home before moving out, to get his own accommodation. Here he does some thought tracking before placing it in the bottom of his personal items case. He thought about his mother and said how much he missed her. The tempo of this scene was very slow, due to all the still images and soliloquies. Crispins mood was quite sad, and as a result his movement was slow and dowdy. His head was down and he shuffled his feet a little uneasily. He interacts with the picture, holding it up in a mime, and looking not at it but into it, bringing back a memory. I played this part on a side profile so that I didn't have my back to the audience, while at the same time it didn't look like I was looking directly at the audience through the picture. As I packed the picture (and the memory) I became more upbeat, this is more like Crispin as he seems contented and in high spirits most of the time. He packed each item with changing emotions. For instance, the picture of him with Jacob at a rock concert, he didn't want to go, but he did it because Jacob needed someone to go with.

Determine Disinfectant and Antiseptic Effectiveness Using Zone Inhibition Method

Lab Report Title Page: Determine Disinfectant and Antiseptic Effectiveness Using Zone Inhibition Method Prepared for: By: Date: Introduction Page: Abstract This study is to examine the effects of different types of disinfectants by disk diffusion method using common agents such as Betadine, Clorox, Crest, Kiss My Face, Listerine, and Lysol. Wound care and general cleaning of home surfaces is a part of daily activity for many of the general population. Knowing which agents are effective against the bacteria that most commonly cause infection, disease, and illness allows educated decisions on which agents to use. We compared the bactericidal effectiveness of 6 common agents widely used by the general public against 3 common bacterial organisms. Introduction Sterilization kills all organisms in or on an object or substance. Disinfectants and antiseptics do not sterilize since many types of organisms and spores are not killed. Disinfectants are described as antimicrobial agents that are used on inanimate objects such as an instrument or structural surfaces. The term antiseptic is usually applied to antimicrobial agents that are used on living tissue such as skin and throat mucosa. A disinfectant must be capable of killing pathogens while it is in contact with them, so that they cannot grow again when it is removed. This action is said to be cidal (lethal), and it is described according to the type of organisms it kills as bactericidal, sporicidal, fungicidal, virucidal, etc†¦ If the antimicrobial substance merely inhibits the organisms while it is in contact with them, they may be able to multiply again when it is removed. In this case, the agent is said to have static activity and may be described as bacteriostatic, fungistatic, etc†¦ Microorganisms of different groups are not uniformly susceptible to chemical disinfection due to the structures of their cell walls. As an example, Mycobacterium are more resistant than most other bacteria because of their waxy cell walls. Of all microbial forms, bacterial endospores display the greatest resistance to both chemical and physical agents of disinfection. The efficacy claimed for a given disinfectant in killing vegetative bacterial species may have no bearing on its ability to destroy bacterial or fungal spores, mycobacteria, some viruses or prions. A number of factors must be considered when choosing a disinfectant besides type of organism. These include exposure time, concentration of the antimicrobial agent, temperature, optimal pH activity of the antimicrobial agents, the concentration of the microorganisms present, and the toxicity of the agent for skin or its effect on materials to be disinfected. Here we will test the effectiveness of various antimicrobial substances by inoculating culture plates with the test organisms and then applying the disinfectant/antiseptic to the inoculated plate by a filter paper disk that has been dipped into the disinfectant/antiseptic. This is a disk diffusion method that is similar to the method used to test the effectiveness of various chemotherapeutic agents. We will then measure the zone-of-inhibition. With this method, the presence of such a clear zone (lack of growth) surrounding the chemical shows either the cells have been killed or that their growth has been inhibited. A zone of inhibition does not discriminate between bacterio-static and bactericidal chemicals. The 6 agents we will be testing are: Betadine (B) – A povidone-iodine preparation used mainly for skin disinfection and wound treatment. Kills a wide range of disease-causing organisms including bacteria, fungi, many viruses, and most micro-organisms. Does not affect hydrophilic viruses such as polyomavirus and PBFD. Clorox (C) – A biguanide preparation of Sodium Hypochlorite used mainly for surface cleaning in various environments such as homes and hospitals to kill microorganisms. Bleach is effective as a disinfectant and kills many micro-organisms, but is not a viable solution to the spread of tuberculosis, bacterial spores and Chlamydia. Crest (Cr) – A widely used antimicrobial for oral bacteria and biofilms. Especially useful on Gram-negative micro-organisms such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Kiss My Face (Kf) – An organic alternative to typical alcohol based mouthwashes using aloe vera as antimicrobial agent and grapefruit extract as a polyphenol. Proven useful with Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Staphylococcus aureus. _ _. Listerine (Li) – An alcohol based antiseptic mouth rinse containing the active ingredient ethanol which is toxic to bacteria at concentrations of only 7%. Reduces dental carries, plaque and gingivitis. Lysol (Ly) – A O-phenylphenol preparation of cresols used for surface cleaning in various environments such as homes and hospitals to kill microorganisms such as fungi, Tuberculosis, certain viruses,_ staphylococcus_ and Pseudomonas bacteria. Does not kill nonenveloped viruses, such as _parvovirus, polyomavirus, papillomavirus, adenovirus and reovirus_, nor will they kill all bacteria types. The three common bacteria we will be testing against are: Pseudomonas aeruginosa – An ubiquitous environmental organism associated with whirlpools whereby infection is caused by immersion in contaminated water. Staphylococcus aureus – A normal flora organism on the skin surfaces of most healthy humans. Escherichia coli – A large and diverse group of organisms associated with fecal remnants that have been ingested causing infection. Materials and Methods Page: Materials and Methods T-Soy plates (TSA) – Lawn spreading method Sterile swabs Forceps Sterile filter paper disks Disinfectants/Antiseptics We will follow the specific instructions to carry out this experiment as noted in Lab 16 p90 of Symbiosis by Pearson. Results Page: Results and Discussion This experiment was conducted to show how different disinfectants and antiseptics kill bacteria. The results of our experiment under normal room conditions on the TSA agar were as follows: Conclusion Page: Conclusion Previous research has shown that if an antiseptic disinfectant agent does not kill bacteria, the risk of infection is significantly higher. We used a Gram-negative (P aeruginosa), a Gram-positive (S aureus), and a Gram-negative (_E. coli_) bacterium for bactericidal testing procedures. We allowed the TSA agar to mature over a 7 day period and then noted our results by viewing and measuring the zone inhibition (mm). Findings were that while all had an effect, there were differences among how effective each agent was against each strain of bacterium used. Surface cleaning agents – Lysol was most effective against S. aureus and E. Coli, while Clorox did significantly well with all three bacterium. It appears from our findings that Clorox is the most effective disinfectant and antimicrobial of the six agents tested. Oral care agents – The effects of Listerine were less than stealer, while the organic product Kiss My Face was more effective with all three types of bacteria. Crest rated low as an effective agent for all three types of bacteria. It is important to note that the standard deviation rose as high as 7. 8, which is a significant difference in the resulting data accuracy. Literature Cited Pearson, 2010. Symbiosis Lab 16 Disk Diffusion Assay to Determine Disinfectant and Antiseptic Effectiveness, pp. 89-91. Pearson Custom Publishing Vicki S. Rabenberg, Christopher D. Ingersoll, Michelle A. Sandrey, and Mary T. Johnson. The Bactericidal And Cytotoxic Effects Of Antimicrobial Wound Cleansers. 2002. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www. cdc. gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/ecoli_o157h7/index. html#spread Violet I. Haraszthy, DDS, MS, PhD; Joseph J. Zambon, DDS, PhD;Prem K. Sreenivasan, PhD. The Antimicrobial Efficacy of Commercial Dentifrices Featured in General Dentistry. 2010 Agarry O. , Olaleye M. T, and Bello-Michael, C. O. Comparative antimicrobial activities of aloe vera gel and leaf. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 4 (12), pp. 1413-1414, 2005. ZDENKA CVETNI, ANDA VLADIMIR-KNE. Antimicrobial activity of grapefruit seed and pulp ethanolic extract. Department of Microbiology Faculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of Zagreb in conjunction with the Croatia and Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry University of Zagreb, Croatia. 2004.

Excretion and Osmoregulation Essay

In every aspect of an environment, there is a variance in the concentration of fluids present in the environment and the bodies of organisms. Osmoregulation is the regulation of water and ion concentrations in the body. Keeping this regulation precise is critical in maintaining life in a cell. Balance of water and ions is partly linked to excretion, the removal of metabolic wastes from the body. An animal’s nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat Introduction: Osmoregulation is the control of water content and the concentration of salts in the body of an animal. In freshwater species osmoregulation must counteract the tendency for water to pass into the animal by osmosis. Various methods have been developed to eliminate the excess such as contractile vacuoles in protozoans and kidneys in freshwater fish. Marine vertebrates have the opposite problem; these species prevent excessive water loss and enhance the excretion of salts with short tubules. In terrestrial vertebrates the dangers of desiccation are reduced by the presence of long renal tubules that increase the reabsorption of water and salts. Moreover, an osmoregulator is referred to as the state when body fluids whose concentration is different from that of their environment, so these organisms use up a lot of energy in having to control and gain water. An osmoconformer, is when body fluids with a solute concentration is equal to that of seawater. Furthermore, this report aims to ide ntify the osmoregulator and the osmoconformer of the given species as well as to compare the specific gravity of each body fluid. Materials: As per the BI108 lab 6 handout. Method: As per the BI108 lab 6 handout. Results: Notes: The Malpighian tubules function as an excretory system and aid in osmoregulation. The tubules empty into the alimentary canal, and remove nitrogenous wastes from the insect’s body. These structures were named for an Italian anatomist named Marcello Malpighi, who discovered the tubules in the seventeenth century. In Earthworm (pheretima posthuma), the excretory system is performed by segmentally arranged, microscopic, coiled, glandular & vascular & complicated excretory tubes, called as Nephridia. The Nephridia are found in all segment of the body of earthworm except the first 2 or 3 segment. According to the position & structure of Nephridia in the body, 3 types of Nephridia are found: Septal Nephridia, Pharyngeal Nephridiam and Integumentary Nephridia. The contractile vacuole controls the amount of water in paramecium. Figure 2.0 Discussion: Figure 1.0 displays the graph of specific gravity against concentration for P. lurca and U. coarctata. From the Figure 1.0 it can be seen that P. lurca is an osmoconformer in that the body fluid is equal to the concentration of seawater. Moreover, this means that the body fluid (internal fluid) is the same concentration as that of its surroundings. On the other hand, U. coarctata is depicted in the graph as seen by the plot as an osmoregulator. So, the body fluid has a solute concentration that is different from its surroundings. These suggest and confirm that the hypothesis is correct and it is quite evident as obtained in the results and graph plotted. Similarly, the body fluids collected (extracellular fluids) are known to be denser than water itself. To add on, the dissections of the various arthropods which included the cockroach, sipunculid and also the annelid, the earthworm. Earthworms and sipunculids have structures called nephridia for excretion, whilst cockroaches have mal phigian tubules for excretion. Conclusion In conclusion, in determining which organism was the osmoregulator and  osmoconformer various other structures of numerous arthropods were also studied and analyzed. The hypotheses was indeed proven correct, as the P.lurca is the osmoconformer and U.coarctata is the osmoregulator. Osmoregulation is an important process in any animal as it assists in maintaining stable internal conditions in terms of water content and the concentration of ion soluble contents in any given body. Furthermore, as predicted by obtaining specific gravity would indeed determine the two types of osmoregulation, the organisms P.lurca and U.coarctata displayed different specific gravities that contributed in the decision. Hence, to reiterate, osmoregulation is a vital process that enables an animal’s survival as well as it contributing to the environment. Reference Martin, E. and Hine, R. (2008). Osmoregulation. Oxford Dictionary of Biology. (Web Link: http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199204625.001.0001/acref-9780199204625) Bot, C. 2013 Sipuncula, Wikipedia encyclopedia, viewed on 24th September 2014, http://www.wikipedia.org Campbell, N and Reece, J and Mitchell, L and Taylor, M. 2003, Control of the Internal Environment, Biology- Concepts and Connections, Fourth Edition p.506, 507, Pearson Education Incorporation- Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco Hickman, C and Roberts, L and Larson, A I’Anson, H and Eisenhour, D, 2008, Integrated Principles of Zoology, Fifteenth Edition, McGraw Hill. Walker, R. L, 1993 ‘Using crustaceans to illustrate the principles of osmoregulation, Acid- base balance and respiratory physiology’ Tested Studies for laboratory teaching, Volume 7, p-149-178 Yintan 2013, Wikipedia encyclopedia, viewed on 20th September 2014, http://www.wikipedia.org Martin, E. and Hine, R, 2008, A Dicti onary of Biology, Sixth edition, Oxford University, Great Britain. 2013, ‘Biology Notes: ‘Osmoconformers and osmoregulators’ Hadley, D., Malpighian Tubules, About Education viewed on 26th September, 2014 on http://insects.about.com/od/m/g/def_malpighian.htm Science (about Earthworm), (Web link: http://sachit.nepalscout.tripod.com/id1.html) Eukaryotes: Protists and fungi, BSCS Biology, 9 ed. Chapter. 12, pg. 328, viewed on 25th September, 2014 on http://books.google.com.fj/books?id=xC-WGtA7eP8C&pg=PA326&lpg=PA326&dq=contractile+vacuole+in+paramecium+function&source=bl&ots=1mI4GsePJi&sig=Yo2c_8IYaJ4Y XhuZk7RxE2UYDDo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xhklVOXtCY6wogS-p4DYBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=contractile%20vacuole%20in%20paramecium%20function&f=false

How to Write a Composition Essay Easy Steps

How to Write a Composition Essay Easy Steps To start with, writing a composition is an essential part of the learning process for students. If treating writing a composition as a set of separate steps, the entire process will become much easier and exciting. While writing this type of assignment, students learn to brainstorm different ideas, organize them in the rough draft, and critically evaluate the arguments. A composition is usually an essay with a well-developed and organized introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In a composition, you should argue a specific point of view, provide supporting details, and draw an appropriate conclusion. There are different types of compositions that can be assigned by professors in a wide range of disciplines, including a descriptive, narrative, and expository composition. In all cases, a composition is not merely a piece of writing but rather a composed essay with a logical structure, cohesive organization, and polished grammar. Writing a good composition requires one to have strong writing skills and critical thinking that facilitate the process of creating valuable ideas. For writing a high-quality composition essay, you should take 4 preliminary steps: Read the topic of a composition closely. You should understand what professor expects from your writing in terms of content and style. Usually, professors give a prompt with one or more questions students should deal with while writing their compositions. Thus, you should feel confident that you understand the main purpose, general topic, length requirements, and appropriate tone that pertain to your composition. Create a plan to manage your time effectively. You should divide your time into three equal parts because writing in stages will help you with controlling the time spent on the composition. The first stage is pre-writing one during which you should brainstorm your ideas, conduct online research, and gather your thoughts. The second stage is writing and composing your essay, and the third one is related to editing and revising the paper. Start generating as many ideas as possible. You should brainstorm and choose the strongest and the most interesting ideas that can be included in your paper. At this point, it is not necessary to create a polished thesis statement or strong arguments but rather come up with the basic ideas that you can use later in the essay. Organize your thoughts into a formal outline. Once you decided which ideas, concepts, or arguments can be included in your composition, you can organize them in a formal outline, which will help you begin writing a rough draft. You should try to use complete sentences when organizing your main points for the composition. Before you start working on your paper, you should know specific requirements of each type of a composition: Descriptive. The main purpose of a descriptive composition is to describe a particular person, a piece of art, or a place to form a detailed picture in the reader’s mind. The descriptive composition should be informative, and collected information should be presented with specific details. Narrative. The narrative composition is aimed at telling a story that is usually narrated from the author’s point of view using a lot of sensory details so that a reader can feel involved in the sequence of the story. In such compositions, verbs should be vivid and precise. Expository. The expository composition attempts to define and explain a particular topic with the aim of providing a lesson for a reader. Persuasive. In the persuasive composition, a student is expected to take a firm position on a specific issue and provide reliable arguments to persuade the reader to take appropriate actions. Report. The report is a type of composition in which a student describes a particular event, taking into account what, where, when, why, and how this event occurred. Selecting a Suitable Topic for a Composition If your professor did not provide a specific topic for your composition, you should develop it by yourself. In this situation, your main task is to create an original and strong topic that would contain various aspects worth revealing. For understanding the broader picture related to a particular subject, you should be: Open-minded. You should not concentrate only on a single area within the discipline, try to consider different ideas while selecting a suitable topic. For example, if you are assigned to write a composition that explains the peculiarities of Japanese culture, you should pay attention to not only common traditions and customs of Japan but also cultural features that distinguish this country from any other part of the world. Critical. You should be as objective as possible while choosing an appropriate topic for your composition. For instance, if you have to write a book report, you should not only indicate the author of the book, the names of the main characters, and the place where the story happened, but rather you should dwell on the deeper analysis of the main events and behavior of characters discussed in the book without incorporating your personal feelings and emotions. Enthusiastic. You should be willing to search for the best topic for your composition. Selecting a narrow and simple topic for your paper will not fully demonstrate your mastery in writing. In particular, if you decide to write about the history of the American Civil War, you should go deeper and write about the implications of the Civil War for African Americans, and what kind of nation America became after ending slavery on its territory. After you are critical, open-minded, and enthusiastic when selecting a topic for your composition, you will have more chances to develop a strong theme. The following list of topics will inspire you to organize your ideas and come up with your own topic: The Importance of Being a Good Friend; The Impact of Great Britain on American Culture during the Colonial Period; How Does My Dream Job Look Like; The Way People Form Their Attitudes to Marriage; The Significance of Integrative Jurisprudence; The Cell Division in Eukaryotes; Why Mozart Is Viewed as a Genius; The Relationship between Psychology and Education; The Role of Teachers in Creating a Stimulating Educational Environment. After deciding upon a specific topic for your composition, you should develop a strong thesis statement. Creating a formal outline can help you as you can analyze and organize our arguments in a logical order and come up with a thesis statement of the composition. In fact, a thesis statement is the most significant part of a composition that will guide you through writing the whole paper. In a thesis statement, you should present your position concerning the topic you will defend in the paper. You should remember that a thesis statement summarizes the main points of your composition in a single well-developed sentence. The thesis statement should be a debatable point of view that other scholars or writers could prove or refute. For example, â€Å"William Shakespeares â€Å"Hamlet† is an exciting play that was created in the 1500s† cannot be viewed as a thesis statement because it is a well-known fact that does not need to be proved. Instead, â€Å"William Shakespeares â€Å"Hamlet† influenced the development of playwriting in the 1500s by adding a theme of violence† is a good thesis statement because others can agree or disagree with your position. Basic Structure for a Good Composition: A Few Ideas from LUr Writers In general, the structure of a composition is similar to the structure of an essay and includes the introduction, main body, and the conclusion. Let us look at the composition’s structure closer. Introduction The introduction is the first paragraph of your composition in which you should introduce your topic to the reader, provide sufficient background information, and summarize the main points in a thesis statement. The main purpose of the introduction is to raise the reader’s interest in the topic of your composition. The introductory paragraph usually begins with a general statement, a statistic, a quote, or a question and ends with the thesis statement. In the introduction, it is of vital importance to follow the appropriate structure that will help the reader to understand the content in the main body easier. The main body of a composition is the most significant part of your paper in which you should prove the validity of your thesis statement using strong arguments and providing reliable evidence to back them up. In the main body, you should not only elaborate and expand your thesis statement but also demonstrate your assertion maintained in the arguments with supporting evidence and possible objections. In most cases, in the main body, you should provide different perspectives on the same topic and show how you came up with the final decision. You should remember that the major ideas of your composition should appear in separate paragraphs, and it would be better to present the best arguments at the end of your composition. The three components of the main body include: Elaboration: You should present and clarify relevant information. Illustration: You should provide a broader picture related to your main arguments. Argumentation: You should give the reasons, justifications, and rationale for your position, and explain the importance of your claims. In addition to that, each paragraph in the main body should follow the provided outline: Opening Sentence: Write your argument. Evidence: Give the information that supports the opening sentence. Details: Elaborate more on your ideas. Closing Sentence: Conclude about the argument you have made in the opening sentence. When moving from one argument to another, you should use transitional words to allow your reader to follow your composition easier. Thus, you can use such logical connectors as however, moreover, additionally, besides, nevertheless, furthermore, subsequently, therefore, etc. Conclusion A conclusion is the last part of your composition in which you restate your thesis statement, summarize the main points revealed in the main body, and provide the final judgment reached after consideration. You should try to make your last paragraph appealing so that the reader could believe in your claims. A conclusion should be a synthesis of all arguments that results in the new information about the topic for a reader. As such, the major goal of the conclusion is to leave the reader with the idea that embraces the essence of the main body and, at the same time, provokes further reflection. Proofreading Composition Essay Tips As soon as you have written your composition according to all guidelines, it is necessary to reread and check your work for various mistakes. You should remember that proofreading is an essential part of the entire writing process as mistakes in grammar, punctuation, and spelling can affect not only the flow of your composition but also its general quality. Therefore, you should remember a few simple rules that will help you make your work flow perfectly. Specifically, you should not use the first person â€Å"I† or â€Å"We† in your composition because it will make your paper more informal. All information that is not common knowledge, for example, statistic, quotes, or statements, should be properly cited using a required formatting style to avoid plagiarism issues. Professors usually expect their students to use the MLA formatting style in their compositions. That is why you should check whether you cited the statements of other people and indicated the author and th e number of the page in brackets. Eventually, read your work sentence-by-sentence, paragraph by paragraph to examine its flow thoroughly. While reading your composition, you should pay attention to paragraph structure, mechanical errors, repetition of words, and different figures and charts. You should examine whether your composition looks appealing and coherent. If you feel that any paragraph needs more details, add them to your work as it is the last opportunity for you to improve your composition. You can also invite your friend or someone from your family to proofread your composition and look at your work from their perspective. In the end, make sure that all sentences in your composition are meaningful and related to the main topic. Consequently, this composition essay writing guide will help you to save more time and create an A-grade composition. References How to Make a Composition. (2018). Retrieved from edu.xunta.gal/centros/iesblancoamorculleredo/system/files/how+to+make+a+composition_0.pdf How To Write A Composition for Students. (2017). Retrieved from https://trinitysem.edu/how-to-write-a-whole-composition/ How To Write a Composition: Use These Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills. (2018). edu.xunta.gal/centros/iesblancoamorculleredo/system/files/How+To+Write+a+Composition.pdf Mostafalou, A., Moradi, H. (2017). Baroque Trauerspiel in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet: A Rejection of Aristotelian Tragedy. Journal of Language Teaching and Research,8(1), 184. doi:10.17507/jltr.0801.23 Types of Academic Writing. (2018). Retrieved from https://sydney.edu.au/students/writing/types-of-academic-writing.html Types of Compositions: Introduction. (2018). Retrieved from http://library.princeton.edu/departments/tsd/katmandu/music/mustypin.html Wiberg, M. (2018). Interactive Compositions. The MIT Press. doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262037518.003.0007