Thursday, October 31, 2019

Discussion Board Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion Board Criminal Justice - Essay Example Law officers are known to lie under some pretext during an investigation to elicit information. The psychology of the criminals, the mandate of the Supreme Court, and the totality of the circumstance surrounding a case allows an officer to use psychic methods to bring forth revelations to solve cases. Officers in the process of interrogation can play this card if only to get valuable information from hardcore criminals. Rarely will any criminal openly declare his guilt in an interrogation unless he believes that the odds against him beating the case are overwhelming. Officers find themselves staring at an uncompromising, non-committal criminal in most cases. "If you can't beat them, join them" is a familiar phrase that most of us know. This is precisely what these officers in uniform do. Lie to a criminal, utilizing deception as a tool, to make it appear that there is evidence against the criminal to prove his involvement. This has a telling effect on the criminal. "A confession which is the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice by its maker may be used as evidence to establish the guilt of the defendant in court. FSM v. Jonathan, 2 FSM Interim. 189,194 (Kos. 1986) Although questioning of witnesses and suspects is a necessary tool for the effective enforcement of criminal law, courts have recognized that there is an unbroken line from physical brutality to more subtle police use of deception, intimidation and manipulation, and that vigilance is required. FSM v. Jonathan, 2 FSM Interim. 189,195 (Kos. 1986) When a defendant has expressed a wish to meet with counsel before further questioning, questioning must cease at once. Any attempt by police officers to ignore or override the defendant's wish, or to dissuade him from exercising his right, violates 12 F.S.M.C. 218. FSM v. Edward, 3 FSM Interim. 224, 235 (Pon. 1987) Now consider these: Where a police officer promised to reduce charges if the defendant cooperated but there was no other showing of police intimidation or manipulation and the defendant had recognized that his guilt was apparent, the confession was not induced by the promises but instead was a voluntary response to the futility of carrying the deceit further. FSM v. Jonathan, 2 FSM Interim. 189,198 (Kos. 1986) In determining whether a defendant's statement to police is "voluntary," consistent with the due process requirements of the Constitution, courts should consider the totality of the surrounding circumstances. Courts review the actual circumstances surrounding confession and attempt to assess the psychological impact on the accused of those circum stances. FSM v. Edward, 3 FSM Interim. 224, 238 (Pon. 1987)" (Criminal Law and Procedure-Interrogation and Confession, zdigest.4.pdf referred on

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Robotics in the Manufacturing Industry Research Paper

Robotics in the Manufacturing Industry - Research Paper Example Secondly, a robot has to abide by the orders given to it by human beings apart from where such orders would vary with the First Law. Last one is, a robot ought to guard its own survival as long as such fortification does not conflict with the First or Second Law. Now in present era, robots are widely used by many of the industrial units in order to disseminate their work properly. These laws of Isaac had influenced many of the entrepreneurs and make them forced to think about the creative ideas of using robots in their industries. Therefore, Robotics is now widely accepted all around the world and even computer fields and engineering fields are now much more concerned about robots. As they are being used in many factories within critical situations where humans cannot lend a hand, for illustration cleaning of toxic material, defusing bombs situation, making robots work when any place in factory caught on fire and no human could dare to go in and save things that are too much important. A study in past has also identified four places where robots can work: Computer manufacturing systems, agriculture, defense and service sector (Akin & Murphy, 2012). Now a day’s robots have been used as a launch pad to inshore manufacturing for organizations such as Apple, Lenovo, Samsung, and Foxconn. With more organizations looking for bend forward manufacturing way outs, industrial manufacturing robots offer many paybacks that companies need to continue competitive. The speed of robots, repeatability of doing work, and competence that manufacturing robots provide can  augment output and profits, lessen costs, and maintain jobs. One of the positivity’s a robot contains is â€Å"Quality†, it has the aptitude to noticeably perk up product quality. Applications performed by robots are at exactitude and oflofty repeatability all the time. This stage of steadiness can be stiff to

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Events Leading Up to the American Revolution

Events Leading Up to the American Revolution The Origins of the American Revolution Thesis statement: American Revolution brought about by pregnancy and childbirth.† Pregnancy got as a result of the spread of tyranny, corruption, injustice and lack of dignity and freedom imposed by the political rule of Britain. The birth action took place as a result of intellectual transformations and way of thinking of American society. The success of the United States today was the significant result of the revolution. Research question: In what ways did the major events previous to the American Revolution establish the road map that led to the success of the American Revolution? The first spark of the American Revolution can be traced to the year 1763 when the leaders took the reins tightly the British Empire. The conflicts began to rupture relations between Britain and the colonies, especially after the empire became in dire need of money to manage its own affairs. The American Revolution, after two hundred and fifty years, is superficially well-known and inadequately understood. General narratives mostly treat it as a colonial rebellion. They equate it primarily with the growing resistance to imperial policy that led to an outbreak of hostilities at Lexington in April 1775 and concluded with British recognition of the United States eight years later. The achievement of political independence was its grand objective, besides which all other matters paled in importance. According to this familiar story the revolution came to its climax with the declaration of Independence in 1776; there after it was almost synonymous with the war. The American Revolution is considered the first modern revolution in history where people fought for their independence as the universal principles represented by the sovereignty of the people and the rule of law and constitutional rights. [1] [1] Colin Bonwick, The American Revolution p.1 French and Indian War, Navigation Acts, Salutary Neglect is considered as Long Term Causes of the American Revolution Under the circumstances it seemed reasonable to the British government to seek new sources of revenue in colonies and to make the navigation system more efficient in ways the royal officials had long advocated. A half century of what Edmund Burke called salutary neglect had come to an end. Decidedly in March 1765, Parliament by an overwhelming majority passed the Stamp Act, which levied a tax on legal documents, almanacs, newspapers, and nearly every form of paper used in the colonies. Like all duties, tax was to be paid in British sterling, not in colonial paper money. Although taxes had [2] Gordon S. Wood, The American Revolution p.3 [3] The American Revolution p. 23 been used in England since stamp i 694 and several colonial assemblies had resorted to them in the in 750s, Parliament had never before imposed such a tax directly on the colonists. It is surprising, therefore, that the stamp Act galvanized colonial opinion as nothing ever had. This single declared William Smith, Jr., of New York, has lost stroke, Great Britain the affection of all her Colonies. [4] From the book â€Å"1001 Events That Made America† by the American author Alan Axelrod said â€Å"DECEMBER 16 A group of militant Bostonians respond to the Tea Act by dressing as Indians boarding three British tea ships in Boston Harbor, and throwing tea valued at 18,000 $ overboard. The â€Å"Boston Tea Party† galvanizes colonial opposition to the Crowns continued policy of regulating colonial commerce and taxing the colonies, which are not represented in Parliament.† So we can say this act calorized as one of the events that made America what is it like today. Boston Tea Party Currier colored (first primary source) Where not Boston Tea Party, the sense, where it did not offer tea or coffee or other drinks, but it was the beginning of the revolution and the war of liberation and the British colonization in the New World, the continent of North America, currently. Summed up the events of the Tea Party that number of Americans hide uniformed American Indians, and slipped into three British ship anchored in the port of Boston and loaded with boxes of tea, and threw 342 crates of tea nearly $ 1 million worth of money into the sea, rejecting the governments decision to import and pay customs tax prohibitive them. The blatant acts of destruction of British property by American colonists, the mentioned Tea Party, in addition to the Americans disobedience, upset British Parliament that enacted the Coercive Acts. These included closing of the Port of Boston until the substitution of damages caused due to the Boston Tea Party. Similarly, Massachusetts Government restricted the Massachusetts; town meetings and transformed the Governing Council into an appointed body. At the same time, the British officials through the administration of Justice became immune to criminal prosecution in the state of Massachusetts. Finally, the Quartering Action included house and quarter British troops on demand, even if this necessitated American private homes. These in turn led to the outrage of American Patriots. [5] [4] Gordon S. Wood, The American Revolution p.24 [5] The American Revolution by Colin Bonwick p.78-79 The religion can be regarded as one of the major origin of the American Revolution. It had a special role by providing moral punishment for opposition to the British. In addition, the Revolution was being considered justified in the sight of God to the average American. They have been succeeded to convert colonialism resistance into a righteous cause. As well as, this image was transferred to all ranks and in all parts of the colonies. Accordingly, ministers did the work of secular radicalism and served the American cause in many capacities, namely, as members of state legislatures and as military chaplains. The Revolution caused split of the Church of England in which their minister traditionally support the King. In certain places religion flourished because of the present of active ministers, but in other areas, worship suffered due to the churches destruction. [6] (http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel03.html) Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason quote in the appendix This quote is from the famous book â€Å"the Age of Reason† this book published in three parts, this quote is from the second part that has published in 1795. This book has been produced in London; this book is written by the famous American author Thomas Paine. In addition to his revolutionary, he was author, political theorist and an English-American political activist. As well as he was the author of two highly influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution. In fact, he inspired the Patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Britain. These factors lead to make his ideas to reflect Enlightenment-era rhetoric of transnational human rights. The American Revolution succeeded to pursue high morals and legitimate ways and methods to achieve their goals as well as, avoided falling into the trap of revenge and moved away from creating enemies and swirling various problems. The standstill of trade and the dependent of the economy on foreign currency were among the direct short term effects result of the American Revolution War. Some additional effects of this kind were the increase in colonists and that can be found all over the country these simple are short term causes. Some people argue that the American Revolution is a revolution from down (lower class) to up (upper class) either might say it’s from up to down considering George Watsontown as the sage of the American Revolution (father of the Revolution) and other important people in the upper class too. found in republican regime create a nation very different from contemporary European societies, set an ideological agenda for the future, constructed a political frame work sufficiently strong and supple to meet the needs of later generations, and propelled the United States in a democratic direction. These developments were the heart of the Revolution The revolution was rooted in colonial society, politics and intellect at a particular stage, but it took far longer to complete the structure of republic government than to win the war; the development of republican culture was continuous and unending. It would be wrong to exaggerate the extent of Revolutionary change. Americans did not face the same social challenge as the French after 1789 and the Russians in 1917. Anglo-French War (1754-1763) deepened the debt which required the British to get more revenue from the colonies. At the same time, the colonies become less dependent on British protection. found in republican regime create a nation very different from contemporary European societies, set an ideological agenda for the future, constructed a political frame work sufficiently strong and supple to meet the needs of later generations, and propelled the United States in a democratic direction. These developments were the heart of the Revolution The revolution was rooted in colonial society, politics and intellect at a particular stage, but it took far longer to complete the structure of republic government than to win the war; the development of republican culture was continuous and unending.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Drama Portfiolo About Two Friends Leaving Each Other :: Drama Theatre Acting Plays Essays

Drama Portfiolo About Two Friends Leaving Each Other For a drama piece, we were told to do two friends leaving each other. The time period was in the future. One friend is leaving the house they live in, and going to an unknown planet for a different life, promised by the company taking us was a world were dreams became reality and there were no worries or fears. We could leave our previous life behind for a new, perfect one. The public are free to come but they may only bring five personal items. I worked with Danny. The scene portrayed myself (playing the part of Crispin) packing up my single suitcase and heading to the air base where we would rendezvous with the spacecraft. The character of Crispin is a little unusual. He is very geeky, but he can be quite strong when talking to people, especially Jacob. He stands up for himself. His voice consists of a fast lisp, and a stutter. I think he is quite a nervous person. Though he and Jacob have nothing in common and occasionaly fall out, they are good friends, and they only truly appreciate one another when not in each others company. While packing, Crispin has some soliloquies and thinks deeply about each packed item before placing it in carefully in the case. (Crispin is a very precise character) The first item was a large photo of London, Crispins original home before moving out, to get his own accommodation. Here he does some thought tracking before placing it in the bottom of his personal items case. He thought about his mother and said how much he missed her. The tempo of this scene was very slow, due to all the still images and soliloquies. Crispins mood was quite sad, and as a result his movement was slow and dowdy. His head was down and he shuffled his feet a little uneasily. He interacts with the picture, holding it up in a mime, and looking not at it but into it, bringing back a memory. I played this part on a side profile so that I didn't have my back to the audience, while at the same time it didn't look like I was looking directly at the audience through the picture. As I packed the picture (and the memory) I became more upbeat, this is more like Crispin as he seems contented and in high spirits most of the time. He packed each item with changing emotions. For instance, the picture of him with Jacob at a rock concert, he didn't want to go, but he did it because Jacob needed someone to go with.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Determine Disinfectant and Antiseptic Effectiveness Using Zone Inhibition Method

Lab Report Title Page: Determine Disinfectant and Antiseptic Effectiveness Using Zone Inhibition Method Prepared for: By: Date: Introduction Page: Abstract This study is to examine the effects of different types of disinfectants by disk diffusion method using common agents such as Betadine, Clorox, Crest, Kiss My Face, Listerine, and Lysol. Wound care and general cleaning of home surfaces is a part of daily activity for many of the general population. Knowing which agents are effective against the bacteria that most commonly cause infection, disease, and illness allows educated decisions on which agents to use. We compared the bactericidal effectiveness of 6 common agents widely used by the general public against 3 common bacterial organisms. Introduction Sterilization kills all organisms in or on an object or substance. Disinfectants and antiseptics do not sterilize since many types of organisms and spores are not killed. Disinfectants are described as antimicrobial agents that are used on inanimate objects such as an instrument or structural surfaces. The term antiseptic is usually applied to antimicrobial agents that are used on living tissue such as skin and throat mucosa. A disinfectant must be capable of killing pathogens while it is in contact with them, so that they cannot grow again when it is removed. This action is said to be cidal (lethal), and it is described according to the type of organisms it kills as bactericidal, sporicidal, fungicidal, virucidal, etc†¦ If the antimicrobial substance merely inhibits the organisms while it is in contact with them, they may be able to multiply again when it is removed. In this case, the agent is said to have static activity and may be described as bacteriostatic, fungistatic, etc†¦ Microorganisms of different groups are not uniformly susceptible to chemical disinfection due to the structures of their cell walls. As an example, Mycobacterium are more resistant than most other bacteria because of their waxy cell walls. Of all microbial forms, bacterial endospores display the greatest resistance to both chemical and physical agents of disinfection. The efficacy claimed for a given disinfectant in killing vegetative bacterial species may have no bearing on its ability to destroy bacterial or fungal spores, mycobacteria, some viruses or prions. A number of factors must be considered when choosing a disinfectant besides type of organism. These include exposure time, concentration of the antimicrobial agent, temperature, optimal pH activity of the antimicrobial agents, the concentration of the microorganisms present, and the toxicity of the agent for skin or its effect on materials to be disinfected. Here we will test the effectiveness of various antimicrobial substances by inoculating culture plates with the test organisms and then applying the disinfectant/antiseptic to the inoculated plate by a filter paper disk that has been dipped into the disinfectant/antiseptic. This is a disk diffusion method that is similar to the method used to test the effectiveness of various chemotherapeutic agents. We will then measure the zone-of-inhibition. With this method, the presence of such a clear zone (lack of growth) surrounding the chemical shows either the cells have been killed or that their growth has been inhibited. A zone of inhibition does not discriminate between bacterio-static and bactericidal chemicals. The 6 agents we will be testing are: Betadine (B) – A povidone-iodine preparation used mainly for skin disinfection and wound treatment. Kills a wide range of disease-causing organisms including bacteria, fungi, many viruses, and most micro-organisms. Does not affect hydrophilic viruses such as polyomavirus and PBFD. Clorox (C) – A biguanide preparation of Sodium Hypochlorite used mainly for surface cleaning in various environments such as homes and hospitals to kill microorganisms. Bleach is effective as a disinfectant and kills many micro-organisms, but is not a viable solution to the spread of tuberculosis, bacterial spores and Chlamydia. Crest (Cr) – A widely used antimicrobial for oral bacteria and biofilms. Especially useful on Gram-negative micro-organisms such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Kiss My Face (Kf) – An organic alternative to typical alcohol based mouthwashes using aloe vera as antimicrobial agent and grapefruit extract as a polyphenol. Proven useful with Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Staphylococcus aureus. _ _. Listerine (Li) – An alcohol based antiseptic mouth rinse containing the active ingredient ethanol which is toxic to bacteria at concentrations of only 7%. Reduces dental carries, plaque and gingivitis. Lysol (Ly) – A O-phenylphenol preparation of cresols used for surface cleaning in various environments such as homes and hospitals to kill microorganisms such as fungi, Tuberculosis, certain viruses,_ staphylococcus_ and Pseudomonas bacteria. Does not kill nonenveloped viruses, such as _parvovirus, polyomavirus, papillomavirus, adenovirus and reovirus_, nor will they kill all bacteria types. The three common bacteria we will be testing against are: Pseudomonas aeruginosa – An ubiquitous environmental organism associated with whirlpools whereby infection is caused by immersion in contaminated water. Staphylococcus aureus – A normal flora organism on the skin surfaces of most healthy humans. Escherichia coli – A large and diverse group of organisms associated with fecal remnants that have been ingested causing infection. Materials and Methods Page: Materials and Methods T-Soy plates (TSA) – Lawn spreading method Sterile swabs Forceps Sterile filter paper disks Disinfectants/Antiseptics We will follow the specific instructions to carry out this experiment as noted in Lab 16 p90 of Symbiosis by Pearson. Results Page: Results and Discussion This experiment was conducted to show how different disinfectants and antiseptics kill bacteria. The results of our experiment under normal room conditions on the TSA agar were as follows: Conclusion Page: Conclusion Previous research has shown that if an antiseptic disinfectant agent does not kill bacteria, the risk of infection is significantly higher. We used a Gram-negative (P aeruginosa), a Gram-positive (S aureus), and a Gram-negative (_E. coli_) bacterium for bactericidal testing procedures. We allowed the TSA agar to mature over a 7 day period and then noted our results by viewing and measuring the zone inhibition (mm). Findings were that while all had an effect, there were differences among how effective each agent was against each strain of bacterium used. Surface cleaning agents – Lysol was most effective against S. aureus and E. Coli, while Clorox did significantly well with all three bacterium. It appears from our findings that Clorox is the most effective disinfectant and antimicrobial of the six agents tested. Oral care agents – The effects of Listerine were less than stealer, while the organic product Kiss My Face was more effective with all three types of bacteria. Crest rated low as an effective agent for all three types of bacteria. It is important to note that the standard deviation rose as high as 7. 8, which is a significant difference in the resulting data accuracy. Literature Cited Pearson, 2010. Symbiosis Lab 16 Disk Diffusion Assay to Determine Disinfectant and Antiseptic Effectiveness, pp. 89-91. Pearson Custom Publishing Vicki S. Rabenberg, Christopher D. Ingersoll, Michelle A. Sandrey, and Mary T. Johnson. The Bactericidal And Cytotoxic Effects Of Antimicrobial Wound Cleansers. 2002. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www. cdc. gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/ecoli_o157h7/index. html#spread Violet I. Haraszthy, DDS, MS, PhD; Joseph J. Zambon, DDS, PhD;Prem K. Sreenivasan, PhD. The Antimicrobial Efficacy of Commercial Dentifrices Featured in General Dentistry. 2010 Agarry O. , Olaleye M. T, and Bello-Michael, C. O. Comparative antimicrobial activities of aloe vera gel and leaf. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 4 (12), pp. 1413-1414, 2005. ZDENKA CVETNI, ANDA VLADIMIR-KNE. Antimicrobial activity of grapefruit seed and pulp ethanolic extract. Department of Microbiology Faculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of Zagreb in conjunction with the Croatia and Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry University of Zagreb, Croatia. 2004.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Excretion and Osmoregulation Essay

In every aspect of an environment, there is a variance in the concentration of fluids present in the environment and the bodies of organisms. Osmoregulation is the regulation of water and ion concentrations in the body. Keeping this regulation precise is critical in maintaining life in a cell. Balance of water and ions is partly linked to excretion, the removal of metabolic wastes from the body. An animal’s nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat Introduction: Osmoregulation is the control of water content and the concentration of salts in the body of an animal. In freshwater species osmoregulation must counteract the tendency for water to pass into the animal by osmosis. Various methods have been developed to eliminate the excess such as contractile vacuoles in protozoans and kidneys in freshwater fish. Marine vertebrates have the opposite problem; these species prevent excessive water loss and enhance the excretion of salts with short tubules. In terrestrial vertebrates the dangers of desiccation are reduced by the presence of long renal tubules that increase the reabsorption of water and salts. Moreover, an osmoregulator is referred to as the state when body fluids whose concentration is different from that of their environment, so these organisms use up a lot of energy in having to control and gain water. An osmoconformer, is when body fluids with a solute concentration is equal to that of seawater. Furthermore, this report aims to ide ntify the osmoregulator and the osmoconformer of the given species as well as to compare the specific gravity of each body fluid. Materials: As per the BI108 lab 6 handout. Method: As per the BI108 lab 6 handout. Results: Notes: The Malpighian tubules function as an excretory system and aid in osmoregulation. The tubules empty into the alimentary canal, and remove nitrogenous wastes from the insect’s body. These structures were named for an Italian anatomist named Marcello Malpighi, who discovered the tubules in the seventeenth century. In Earthworm (pheretima posthuma), the excretory system is performed by segmentally arranged, microscopic, coiled, glandular & vascular & complicated excretory tubes, called as Nephridia. The Nephridia are found in all segment of the body of earthworm except the first 2 or 3 segment. According to the position & structure of Nephridia in the body, 3 types of Nephridia are found: Septal Nephridia, Pharyngeal Nephridiam and Integumentary Nephridia. The contractile vacuole controls the amount of water in paramecium. Figure 2.0 Discussion: Figure 1.0 displays the graph of specific gravity against concentration for P. lurca and U. coarctata. From the Figure 1.0 it can be seen that P. lurca is an osmoconformer in that the body fluid is equal to the concentration of seawater. Moreover, this means that the body fluid (internal fluid) is the same concentration as that of its surroundings. On the other hand, U. coarctata is depicted in the graph as seen by the plot as an osmoregulator. So, the body fluid has a solute concentration that is different from its surroundings. These suggest and confirm that the hypothesis is correct and it is quite evident as obtained in the results and graph plotted. Similarly, the body fluids collected (extracellular fluids) are known to be denser than water itself. To add on, the dissections of the various arthropods which included the cockroach, sipunculid and also the annelid, the earthworm. Earthworms and sipunculids have structures called nephridia for excretion, whilst cockroaches have mal phigian tubules for excretion. Conclusion In conclusion, in determining which organism was the osmoregulator and  osmoconformer various other structures of numerous arthropods were also studied and analyzed. The hypotheses was indeed proven correct, as the P.lurca is the osmoconformer and U.coarctata is the osmoregulator. Osmoregulation is an important process in any animal as it assists in maintaining stable internal conditions in terms of water content and the concentration of ion soluble contents in any given body. Furthermore, as predicted by obtaining specific gravity would indeed determine the two types of osmoregulation, the organisms P.lurca and U.coarctata displayed different specific gravities that contributed in the decision. Hence, to reiterate, osmoregulation is a vital process that enables an animal’s survival as well as it contributing to the environment. Reference Martin, E. and Hine, R. (2008). Osmoregulation. Oxford Dictionary of Biology. (Web Link: http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199204625.001.0001/acref-9780199204625) Bot, C. 2013 Sipuncula, Wikipedia encyclopedia, viewed on 24th September 2014, http://www.wikipedia.org Campbell, N and Reece, J and Mitchell, L and Taylor, M. 2003, Control of the Internal Environment, Biology- Concepts and Connections, Fourth Edition p.506, 507, Pearson Education Incorporation- Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco Hickman, C and Roberts, L and Larson, A I’Anson, H and Eisenhour, D, 2008, Integrated Principles of Zoology, Fifteenth Edition, McGraw Hill. Walker, R. L, 1993 ‘Using crustaceans to illustrate the principles of osmoregulation, Acid- base balance and respiratory physiology’ Tested Studies for laboratory teaching, Volume 7, p-149-178 Yintan 2013, Wikipedia encyclopedia, viewed on 20th September 2014, http://www.wikipedia.org Martin, E. and Hine, R, 2008, A Dicti onary of Biology, Sixth edition, Oxford University, Great Britain. 2013, ‘Biology Notes: ‘Osmoconformers and osmoregulators’ Hadley, D., Malpighian Tubules, About Education viewed on 26th September, 2014 on http://insects.about.com/od/m/g/def_malpighian.htm Science (about Earthworm), (Web link: http://sachit.nepalscout.tripod.com/id1.html) Eukaryotes: Protists and fungi, BSCS Biology, 9 ed. Chapter. 12, pg. 328, viewed on 25th September, 2014 on http://books.google.com.fj/books?id=xC-WGtA7eP8C&pg=PA326&lpg=PA326&dq=contractile+vacuole+in+paramecium+function&source=bl&ots=1mI4GsePJi&sig=Yo2c_8IYaJ4Y XhuZk7RxE2UYDDo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xhklVOXtCY6wogS-p4DYBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=contractile%20vacuole%20in%20paramecium%20function&f=false

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

How to Write a Composition Essay Easy Steps

How to Write a Composition Essay Easy Steps To start with, writing a composition is an essential part of the learning process for students. If treating writing a composition as a set of separate steps, the entire process will become much easier and exciting. While writing this type of assignment, students learn to brainstorm different ideas, organize them in the rough draft, and critically evaluate the arguments. A composition is usually an essay with a well-developed and organized introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In a composition, you should argue a specific point of view, provide supporting details, and draw an appropriate conclusion. There are different types of compositions that can be assigned by professors in a wide range of disciplines, including a descriptive, narrative, and expository composition. In all cases, a composition is not merely a piece of writing but rather a composed essay with a logical structure, cohesive organization, and polished grammar. Writing a good composition requires one to have strong writing skills and critical thinking that facilitate the process of creating valuable ideas. For writing a high-quality composition essay, you should take 4 preliminary steps: Read the topic of a composition closely. You should understand what professor expects from your writing in terms of content and style. Usually, professors give a prompt with one or more questions students should deal with while writing their compositions. Thus, you should feel confident that you understand the main purpose, general topic, length requirements, and appropriate tone that pertain to your composition. Create a plan to manage your time effectively. You should divide your time into three equal parts because writing in stages will help you with controlling the time spent on the composition. The first stage is pre-writing one during which you should brainstorm your ideas, conduct online research, and gather your thoughts. The second stage is writing and composing your essay, and the third one is related to editing and revising the paper. Start generating as many ideas as possible. You should brainstorm and choose the strongest and the most interesting ideas that can be included in your paper. At this point, it is not necessary to create a polished thesis statement or strong arguments but rather come up with the basic ideas that you can use later in the essay. Organize your thoughts into a formal outline. Once you decided which ideas, concepts, or arguments can be included in your composition, you can organize them in a formal outline, which will help you begin writing a rough draft. You should try to use complete sentences when organizing your main points for the composition. Before you start working on your paper, you should know specific requirements of each type of a composition: Descriptive. The main purpose of a descriptive composition is to describe a particular person, a piece of art, or a place to form a detailed picture in the reader’s mind. The descriptive composition should be informative, and collected information should be presented with specific details. Narrative. The narrative composition is aimed at telling a story that is usually narrated from the author’s point of view using a lot of sensory details so that a reader can feel involved in the sequence of the story. In such compositions, verbs should be vivid and precise. Expository. The expository composition attempts to define and explain a particular topic with the aim of providing a lesson for a reader. Persuasive. In the persuasive composition, a student is expected to take a firm position on a specific issue and provide reliable arguments to persuade the reader to take appropriate actions. Report. The report is a type of composition in which a student describes a particular event, taking into account what, where, when, why, and how this event occurred. Selecting a Suitable Topic for a Composition If your professor did not provide a specific topic for your composition, you should develop it by yourself. In this situation, your main task is to create an original and strong topic that would contain various aspects worth revealing. For understanding the broader picture related to a particular subject, you should be: Open-minded. You should not concentrate only on a single area within the discipline, try to consider different ideas while selecting a suitable topic. For example, if you are assigned to write a composition that explains the peculiarities of Japanese culture, you should pay attention to not only common traditions and customs of Japan but also cultural features that distinguish this country from any other part of the world. Critical. You should be as objective as possible while choosing an appropriate topic for your composition. For instance, if you have to write a book report, you should not only indicate the author of the book, the names of the main characters, and the place where the story happened, but rather you should dwell on the deeper analysis of the main events and behavior of characters discussed in the book without incorporating your personal feelings and emotions. Enthusiastic. You should be willing to search for the best topic for your composition. Selecting a narrow and simple topic for your paper will not fully demonstrate your mastery in writing. In particular, if you decide to write about the history of the American Civil War, you should go deeper and write about the implications of the Civil War for African Americans, and what kind of nation America became after ending slavery on its territory. After you are critical, open-minded, and enthusiastic when selecting a topic for your composition, you will have more chances to develop a strong theme. The following list of topics will inspire you to organize your ideas and come up with your own topic: The Importance of Being a Good Friend; The Impact of Great Britain on American Culture during the Colonial Period; How Does My Dream Job Look Like; The Way People Form Their Attitudes to Marriage; The Significance of Integrative Jurisprudence; The Cell Division in Eukaryotes; Why Mozart Is Viewed as a Genius; The Relationship between Psychology and Education; The Role of Teachers in Creating a Stimulating Educational Environment. After deciding upon a specific topic for your composition, you should develop a strong thesis statement. Creating a formal outline can help you as you can analyze and organize our arguments in a logical order and come up with a thesis statement of the composition. In fact, a thesis statement is the most significant part of a composition that will guide you through writing the whole paper. In a thesis statement, you should present your position concerning the topic you will defend in the paper. You should remember that a thesis statement summarizes the main points of your composition in a single well-developed sentence. The thesis statement should be a debatable point of view that other scholars or writers could prove or refute. For example, â€Å"William Shakespeares â€Å"Hamlet† is an exciting play that was created in the 1500s† cannot be viewed as a thesis statement because it is a well-known fact that does not need to be proved. Instead, â€Å"William Shakespeares â€Å"Hamlet† influenced the development of playwriting in the 1500s by adding a theme of violence† is a good thesis statement because others can agree or disagree with your position. Basic Structure for a Good Composition: A Few Ideas from LUr Writers In general, the structure of a composition is similar to the structure of an essay and includes the introduction, main body, and the conclusion. Let us look at the composition’s structure closer. Introduction The introduction is the first paragraph of your composition in which you should introduce your topic to the reader, provide sufficient background information, and summarize the main points in a thesis statement. The main purpose of the introduction is to raise the reader’s interest in the topic of your composition. The introductory paragraph usually begins with a general statement, a statistic, a quote, or a question and ends with the thesis statement. In the introduction, it is of vital importance to follow the appropriate structure that will help the reader to understand the content in the main body easier. The main body of a composition is the most significant part of your paper in which you should prove the validity of your thesis statement using strong arguments and providing reliable evidence to back them up. In the main body, you should not only elaborate and expand your thesis statement but also demonstrate your assertion maintained in the arguments with supporting evidence and possible objections. In most cases, in the main body, you should provide different perspectives on the same topic and show how you came up with the final decision. You should remember that the major ideas of your composition should appear in separate paragraphs, and it would be better to present the best arguments at the end of your composition. The three components of the main body include: Elaboration: You should present and clarify relevant information. Illustration: You should provide a broader picture related to your main arguments. Argumentation: You should give the reasons, justifications, and rationale for your position, and explain the importance of your claims. In addition to that, each paragraph in the main body should follow the provided outline: Opening Sentence: Write your argument. Evidence: Give the information that supports the opening sentence. Details: Elaborate more on your ideas. Closing Sentence: Conclude about the argument you have made in the opening sentence. When moving from one argument to another, you should use transitional words to allow your reader to follow your composition easier. Thus, you can use such logical connectors as however, moreover, additionally, besides, nevertheless, furthermore, subsequently, therefore, etc. Conclusion A conclusion is the last part of your composition in which you restate your thesis statement, summarize the main points revealed in the main body, and provide the final judgment reached after consideration. You should try to make your last paragraph appealing so that the reader could believe in your claims. A conclusion should be a synthesis of all arguments that results in the new information about the topic for a reader. As such, the major goal of the conclusion is to leave the reader with the idea that embraces the essence of the main body and, at the same time, provokes further reflection. Proofreading Composition Essay Tips As soon as you have written your composition according to all guidelines, it is necessary to reread and check your work for various mistakes. You should remember that proofreading is an essential part of the entire writing process as mistakes in grammar, punctuation, and spelling can affect not only the flow of your composition but also its general quality. Therefore, you should remember a few simple rules that will help you make your work flow perfectly. Specifically, you should not use the first person â€Å"I† or â€Å"We† in your composition because it will make your paper more informal. All information that is not common knowledge, for example, statistic, quotes, or statements, should be properly cited using a required formatting style to avoid plagiarism issues. Professors usually expect their students to use the MLA formatting style in their compositions. That is why you should check whether you cited the statements of other people and indicated the author and th e number of the page in brackets. Eventually, read your work sentence-by-sentence, paragraph by paragraph to examine its flow thoroughly. While reading your composition, you should pay attention to paragraph structure, mechanical errors, repetition of words, and different figures and charts. You should examine whether your composition looks appealing and coherent. If you feel that any paragraph needs more details, add them to your work as it is the last opportunity for you to improve your composition. You can also invite your friend or someone from your family to proofread your composition and look at your work from their perspective. In the end, make sure that all sentences in your composition are meaningful and related to the main topic. Consequently, this composition essay writing guide will help you to save more time and create an A-grade composition. References How to Make a Composition. (2018). Retrieved from edu.xunta.gal/centros/iesblancoamorculleredo/system/files/how+to+make+a+composition_0.pdf How To Write A Composition for Students. (2017). Retrieved from https://trinitysem.edu/how-to-write-a-whole-composition/ How To Write a Composition: Use These Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills. (2018). edu.xunta.gal/centros/iesblancoamorculleredo/system/files/How+To+Write+a+Composition.pdf Mostafalou, A., Moradi, H. (2017). Baroque Trauerspiel in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet: A Rejection of Aristotelian Tragedy. Journal of Language Teaching and Research,8(1), 184. doi:10.17507/jltr.0801.23 Types of Academic Writing. (2018). Retrieved from https://sydney.edu.au/students/writing/types-of-academic-writing.html Types of Compositions: Introduction. (2018). Retrieved from http://library.princeton.edu/departments/tsd/katmandu/music/mustypin.html Wiberg, M. (2018). Interactive Compositions. The MIT Press. doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262037518.003.0007

Monday, October 21, 2019

Should Marijuana Be Legal essays

Should Marijuana Be Legal essays This is a topic that has become a bit of concern amongst people in the past few years. Marijuana has been illegal since the early 1900s, but lately scientists have figured out that there are some uses of marijuana that could benefit people in need, people who are sick of deadly diseases such as aids, multiple sclerosis, and cancer. These are all diseases that are hard for anyone to go through, especially without aid that helps the pain and misery from ceasing. Prohibiting marijuana has just made things worse, by increasing the price of marijuana, the illegal usage, and the money spent on trying to cease its use. Abraham Lincoln once said two quotes about prohibition, Prohibition goes beyond the bounds of reason in that it attempts to control a mans appetite by legislation and makes crimes out of things that are not crimes, and A prohibition law strikes a blow at the very principles upon which our government was founded. I believe that he is right for stating that we have rights and they should not be taken for granted. He may have not been thinking of marijuana when he made his speech, but it involves prohibition, meaning prohibition in general and of any kind. The first crop of American hemp was grown in 1611 (Grinspoon 11). However, the modern practice of smoking marijuana was not introduced until the 1920s. This was a time of drug intolerance. America was in the stages of the prohibition of alcohol campaign. Marijuana was introduced and smoked by the early immigrants. In the 1930s it was a common belief that immigrants were inhumane and violent, so these attitudes were associated and blamed on the marijuana. By 1931 all but two states had anti-marijuana legislation. By 1937 all states had prohibited marijuana use and made it illegal to have anything to do with this drug. No research was ever made on marijuana at this time or its effects. People simply believed i...

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Analysing Strategy And Operations Management

Analysing Strategy And Operations Management Today’s business environment is complex, dynamic and uncertain and is influencing the strategies of modern enterprises (Beirnat, 2004). It is generally understood that there is a growing change in relationships between buyers and sellers which are impacting the way in which business is conducted (Buttle, 2007). Industry reports suggest that changes in today’s social and economic environment have had an impact on consumer spending behaviours. In such an unpredictable environment, the management of customer relationships becomes vital to the success of a business (Dyche, 2002). This realisation has prompted studies in the area of strategic management with the aim of gaining an understanding of a firm’s internal and external environment and developing strategies to exploit internal capabilities and external opportunities (Slack et al, 2006). The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the activities of John Lewis and explore its business operations in relation to Mich ael Porters generic strategies model. The paper will continue by examining Michael Porters value chain analysis and apply the theories practically to John Lewis. The paper will also discuss how the added value creates distinctive competences and lead to a competitive advantage for the business. Company Background John Lewis plc John Lewis is a UK retailer which comes under the umbrella name of John Lewis Partnership. The Group comprises of John Lewis department stores, Waitrose supermarkets, John Lewis Direct and the direct services company Greenbee. It is a public limited company owned by its employees (Partners) who influence the running the business and who benefit from a share of the company’s annual profits. The chain has an upmarket image which appeals strongly to a middle class core customer base. Chart 1: John Lewis Plc market share 2003 – 2007 (Mintel, 2007) The chart shows the market share growth for John Lewis from 2003 to 2007. The chart displays a steady g rowth pattern during this period. It would be fair to suggest that John Lewis has been performing well within the market as it market share has grown year on year. Mintel reports forecast that the retailer will continue to witness steady growth within its industry and states that John Lewis will be one of few retailers who will sustain growth despite changes in the economic climate and consumer spending behaviours. Activities John Lewis department stores offer a wide range of goods, including electrical, home playing fields and tennis courts; two large country estates with parklands; a sailing club with five cruising yachts and two country hotels offering holiday accommodation for partners. Partners are also enrolled in a pension scheme, given very generous holidays, and are part of a death in service insurance scheme. Additionally, upon completing twenty five years of service with the Partnership, they are given six month paid break.

Friday, October 18, 2019

Negitive Leadership Experiance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negitive Leadership Experiance - Essay Example Our job was quality control of the pictures that the users of this websites uploaded. We were looking eliminate undesirable photos that showed hate crimes, nude pictures, or excessive violence. Our job entailed looking at thousands of pictures everyday and flagging the ones that did not meet quality standards. The company started off well offering the employees prizes for the best monthly performance and offering a bonus of up to $5.50 an hour over the basic pay for extra production. Everyone in the company was very excited about the prospects of working for this firm. Things turn sour very fast as the leadership team of the company became a disgrace to the business world. When a company enters into a verbal contract with the employees you cannot go back on your word. That is what occurred at the company. A few months passed and the top performers did not receive the prizes promised. The company also was not paying the promised bonus, everyone instead was making minimum wage. The pri ze issue was a major fraud since these prizes were offered to us by a representative of the top client, MySpace. We believe that the administration kept the prizes to themselves instead of giving them to the employees. Things at this company continued to get worse. The bonus that the company was supposed to pay was for exceeding a quota of 10,000 pictures an hour. The bonus was supposed to be given for added production beyond the quota. The company on top of stealing our bonus decided to up the quota to 25,000 an hour without any extra compensation. The employees were extremely frustrated at the abuse from the administration. As we thought things could not get any worse the company began to pay our payroll late. Every paycheck would be paid two to three weeks late. Another issue was that the company began to steal hours worked from the checks of a lot of employees. I have never worked and I hope to never work at a company like this one again. The negative leadership the managers dis played is something that I thought would never occur at a corporation in the United States. As incredible as it is to believe there were others displays of negative leadership that were beyond belief. The company need shift leaders to keep track of the crews since the operation ran 24/7. The shift leader was a supervisory position that paid an extra $3 an hour. Typically those types of jobs would go to people with an education in business administration or workers that had previous experience in a supervisory role. This company decided to give these jobs to the most unqualified persons they could find. None of the shift leader chosen had a college education. I estimated that over 2/3 of the staff of around 200 employees were college educated many of them with masters including some with MBA degrees. I believe the reason the firm chose unqualified high school graduates was because they wanted to manipulate these workers since the firm was breaking numerous labor laws. Negative leader ship such as what occurred at the company I worked is a bad example of corporate behavior. Three attributes of negative leadership are unreliable, dishonesty, and irresponsibility (Rapidbi, 2011). Leadership is very important towards the success of a corporation. There are different ways companies can improve the leadership of its workers and of key personnel. A great way to improve the leadership skills of employees is by exposing employees to team

Education Experience in a United States University vs. Education in Essay

Education Experience in a United States University vs. Education in South Africa - Essay Example Later in the day I met the human resource manager, who assessed my credentials together with my goals and interests and then suggested the most suitable mentor. For once in my life, I felt happy about myself. I was taking action and doing something about my career development plans. The next day, I booked an appointment with my mentor at ten in the morning. I couldn’t wait to hear what he thought and had to say of my plans on career growth. At exactly ten in the morning, I left my office and headed for my mentor’s office in a happy mood. By now he had already been briefed by the human resource manager of the agenda. He went straight the point, asked a series of questions. These included; why I chose to become an assistant, what were my expectations as regards the job, where do I see myself in ten years to come, what fields was I interested in working and what my long term goals and dreams were. I struggled to answer some of the questions and this made me realize that I had become complacent. I had lost sight of everything that was important to me with regard to career progression. After a long chat, we came to a conclusion that for me to experience the career development that I have always wanted I had to go back to school. ... How long will it take? All these questions ran though my mind. Acquiring higher education in this day and time is undoubtedly critical; this is due to the ever increasing demand for skilled manpower in our economies. Universities, colleges and technical training institutes are the single source of skilled manpower today. Currently, there are tens of American institutions of higher learning and making a choice on which university to join poses a major challenge to many would be students. The situation is not any simpler in South Africa. South Arica has struggled to become the flag bearer in Africa when it comes to academic matters and has invested heavily in its universities in an attempt to improve the quality of education they offer and meet world class standards. According to Education UK, while choosing the course to take, one should check whether the course is right for them? What type of degree it is, whether it improves chances of following ones career plans, options available to the course, methods of teaching the course, and performance of the department in the Quality Assurance Assessment external review. After considering the advice from my mentor and my personal goals and objectives, I settled on a course that would best suit my needs. I was to take a master of Business Administration. I had always wanted to move onto a management position in employment. There are so many factors to consider when choosing which institution to join. According to the Fulbright Commission, there are over 1,700 American universities that offer postgraduate courses or degrees. It is thus not easy to narrow down to the particular institution to join. Students aspiring to join South African universities face the same challenge, they thus have to put all the

Geology of Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geology of Brazil - Essay Example The six major groups that constitute the Brazilian population are the Portuguese who colonized Brazil in the 16th century, Africans brought to Brazil as slaves, European, Middle-Eastern, and Japanese and other Asian immigrant groups who settled in Brazil since the mid-19th century. Further, the indigenous people of Tupi and Guarani language stock. â€Å"Although the major European ethnic stock of Brazil was originally Portuguese, subsequent waves of immigration contributed to a diverse ethnic and cultural heritage† (BWHA 2011). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the geology of Brazil in order to gain an appreciation of the land, history and dynamics of the home country. The Geology of Brazil Brazil is located within the South American Platform with its basement consisting of a highly complex geologic evolution beginning from the Archaean period. The region of Brazil had become completely consolidated â€Å"between the Proterozoic Superior period and the beginning of the Palaeozoic period, with the closing in the Brazilian cycle† (Machado, 2011). ... Brazil Geology: Crystalline Shields and Sedimentary Basins (Machado, 2011)       Crystalline shields    Sedimentary basins    The Crystalline shields and the sedimentary basins of Brazil are clearly demarcated above (Fig.1). The shield of Guyana extends to the north of the basin of Amazonas; â€Å"the shield of the Brazil-central, or Guapore extends to the interior of Brazil and south of that basin, while the Atlantic shield is exposed in the oriental portion reaching the Atlantic border† (Machado, 2011). These shields are exposed in over half the area of Brazil. On that platform in Brazil were developoed three extensive basins with sineclisis character: Amazonas, Paraiba and Parana, which developed by filling spatially with sedimentary and volcanic coverings during stable conditions of ortho-platform originating from Ordovician-Silurian. Additionally, several other smaller basins including coastal basins and other sedimentary areas, occur exposed on the platform. The Carajas region in the Amazon belt of Brazil reveals a number of important features regarding the reactivation of Archaean basement terrains. A general increase in temperature is linked to deformation through time that is consistent with progressive exhumation of the crust. Similar embrittlement sequences are recognized in many other long-lived basement shear zones. Secondly, the regional basement fabrics are steeplyh dipping and trending east to west. Those deformations that followed are wrench-dominated events probably because the foliation orientation favours strike-slip, as opposed to dip-slip reactivation. Thirdly, the location of the younger Cover Assemblage rocks is structurally controlled by strike-slip fault zones. On the other hand, however, faulting entirely post-dates the deposition and does

Thursday, October 17, 2019

International Financial Managementsunyu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Financial Managementsunyu - Essay Example These techniques are ideal for an exporter who wishes to have stable cash flows subject to foreign exchange risk. It is concluded that multinational businesses and investors that engage in import or export of products and services or those that make foreign investments across the global economy should be aware of the risk exposures and the most appropriate hedging strategy for each type of risk. It is also suggested that special attention be given to economic exposure because it substantially impact the firm’s market value and expected future cash flows and even affects the competitive position of a firm that does not sell or operate overseas. By examining a range of academic materials, recently published book, magazine articles, journal articles and internet sites on the topic this report identifies the nature of the exchange rate risk faced by an exporter then describe the market strategies available for hedging the risk. Foreign exchange exposure comes about if an investor or a firm has an open position (un-hedged condition subject to exchange rate risk) in a foreign currency. There are two types of open position, open long and open short position (Homaifar, 2004). Open long position is one where a firm expects to receive foreign currency in future while open short position is one where the investor needs to pay foreign currency in future (Siddaiah, 2009). Foreign exchange risk therefore refers to the possibility or likelihood that a foreign currency may move in a direction that is detrimental to the investor. Specific risk in open log position is that the foreign currency may weaken against the domestic currency thereby decreasing the local currency equivalent (Poitras, 2002). On the other hand, specific risk in open short position is that the foreign currency may strengthen against the domestic currency thereby increasing the domestic currency equivalent

Chilean Mine Collasp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chilean Mine Collasp - Essay Example for the public and those directly affected to attribute such unfortunate events to the negligence of the firm involved, delivering such a message can be instrumental in either supporting this opinion or denouncing it. If the firm chooses to deliver the message in a more personal way, especially to the families of the victims, it will seem more caring and compassionate rather than just wring a letter or an email. The same case may apply to the way the news are delivered to the other employees. As Gibson (2011) asserts, the bearer of the message is as important in determining how the message will be received as the way the message is delivered. In such a situation, leadership will be expected to be seen at sight and the message will need a senior person to deliver the news. If a junior employee or junior member of the management is used to deliver the message, the message may be taken less seriously and may also lead to people regarding the firm as uncaring, unconcerned and irresponsible. The need to have a senior member of the firm such as the CEO address the issue in a direct and personal manner, will be important in showing that the firm is concerned and that all necessary actions will be taken to contain the current situation as well as prevent such an incident from coming again. As soon as there is a designated person to communicate the message, the rest of the firm, especially the junior staff, should be instructed not to comment on the subject. This will be important to avoid the situation discussed above, and also to avoid contradicting reports that can make the firm to seem to be hiding something. Definitely, emotional and psychological support will be necessary to help the customers cope up with the bad news. A councilor or a psychiatrist may be needed to help in supporting these families, and make sure that they are able to take the news without having a major breakdown. More importantly, they will need to be clearly informed without hiding anything

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Geology of Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geology of Brazil - Essay Example The six major groups that constitute the Brazilian population are the Portuguese who colonized Brazil in the 16th century, Africans brought to Brazil as slaves, European, Middle-Eastern, and Japanese and other Asian immigrant groups who settled in Brazil since the mid-19th century. Further, the indigenous people of Tupi and Guarani language stock. â€Å"Although the major European ethnic stock of Brazil was originally Portuguese, subsequent waves of immigration contributed to a diverse ethnic and cultural heritage† (BWHA 2011). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the geology of Brazil in order to gain an appreciation of the land, history and dynamics of the home country. The Geology of Brazil Brazil is located within the South American Platform with its basement consisting of a highly complex geologic evolution beginning from the Archaean period. The region of Brazil had become completely consolidated â€Å"between the Proterozoic Superior period and the beginning of the Palaeozoic period, with the closing in the Brazilian cycle† (Machado, 2011). ... Brazil Geology: Crystalline Shields and Sedimentary Basins (Machado, 2011)       Crystalline shields    Sedimentary basins    The Crystalline shields and the sedimentary basins of Brazil are clearly demarcated above (Fig.1). The shield of Guyana extends to the north of the basin of Amazonas; â€Å"the shield of the Brazil-central, or Guapore extends to the interior of Brazil and south of that basin, while the Atlantic shield is exposed in the oriental portion reaching the Atlantic border† (Machado, 2011). These shields are exposed in over half the area of Brazil. On that platform in Brazil were developoed three extensive basins with sineclisis character: Amazonas, Paraiba and Parana, which developed by filling spatially with sedimentary and volcanic coverings during stable conditions of ortho-platform originating from Ordovician-Silurian. Additionally, several other smaller basins including coastal basins and other sedimentary areas, occur exposed on the platform. The Carajas region in the Amazon belt of Brazil reveals a number of important features regarding the reactivation of Archaean basement terrains. A general increase in temperature is linked to deformation through time that is consistent with progressive exhumation of the crust. Similar embrittlement sequences are recognized in many other long-lived basement shear zones. Secondly, the regional basement fabrics are steeplyh dipping and trending east to west. Those deformations that followed are wrench-dominated events probably because the foliation orientation favours strike-slip, as opposed to dip-slip reactivation. Thirdly, the location of the younger Cover Assemblage rocks is structurally controlled by strike-slip fault zones. On the other hand, however, faulting entirely post-dates the deposition and does

Chilean Mine Collasp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chilean Mine Collasp - Essay Example for the public and those directly affected to attribute such unfortunate events to the negligence of the firm involved, delivering such a message can be instrumental in either supporting this opinion or denouncing it. If the firm chooses to deliver the message in a more personal way, especially to the families of the victims, it will seem more caring and compassionate rather than just wring a letter or an email. The same case may apply to the way the news are delivered to the other employees. As Gibson (2011) asserts, the bearer of the message is as important in determining how the message will be received as the way the message is delivered. In such a situation, leadership will be expected to be seen at sight and the message will need a senior person to deliver the news. If a junior employee or junior member of the management is used to deliver the message, the message may be taken less seriously and may also lead to people regarding the firm as uncaring, unconcerned and irresponsible. The need to have a senior member of the firm such as the CEO address the issue in a direct and personal manner, will be important in showing that the firm is concerned and that all necessary actions will be taken to contain the current situation as well as prevent such an incident from coming again. As soon as there is a designated person to communicate the message, the rest of the firm, especially the junior staff, should be instructed not to comment on the subject. This will be important to avoid the situation discussed above, and also to avoid contradicting reports that can make the firm to seem to be hiding something. Definitely, emotional and psychological support will be necessary to help the customers cope up with the bad news. A councilor or a psychiatrist may be needed to help in supporting these families, and make sure that they are able to take the news without having a major breakdown. More importantly, they will need to be clearly informed without hiding anything

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Societies and cultures Essay Example for Free

Societies and cultures Essay Societies and cultures in olden times used to live in isolation as means of transport were very slow. Men either travelled from one place to another on foot or animals like horses and camels were used. Cultural exchange used to take place when the invaders overran a country or traders came. The process of Globalization has been initiated by faster means of travel sophisticated technological advancement in communication like media and the internet boom. It has made information available to an individual at the click of a button . There is lot of foreign investment which entails creation of job opportunities. As a result economic prosperity and ideas of the developed nations are being incorporated in the societies of these countries. a kind of cultural exchange is taking place as trade and commerce is flourishing. Multinational companies are bringing western ideas to the developing nations. The term globalization was almost a nonentity before1990 ((Lewellen, 2002, p. 7) It is catch phrase of the contemporary society. According to Stanley Barrett â€Å"Human society is in the process of being transformed to a degree possibly not seen since the Industrial Revolution. The process can be summed up by the term globalization. † (Stanley Barrett 1999:258). The result of these interactions is asocial change in different cultures. Family is a basic unit of society in any culture. It is an institution which stands for cohesion solidarity, social order and continuity. The challenges faced by this building block of society is very important as A contrasting study of the families of the developed country like America and a developing country like India is going to elucidate the changes that are being brought about by globalization. The Family unit in U. S has undergone a lot of transformation some of the indicators can be the number of children living with both the parents in 1963 was 91% and it declined to 73% in 1997. (Waite Nielsen, 2001, p. 25) The formation of family revolves traditionally around marriage . The age at which the first marriage is taking place has steadily increased . In 1950s the young women married at the age of 20 but it has increased to 28 yrs as women are more and more getting career oriented. Late marriages are also responsible for decrease in fertility rate. The population decline has many factors but it is one of the major reasons of decline. Single person household are accounted for 20% homes in case of males and 12% in case of females in United States in 1970. The striking similarity between both the countries is that they single family is by and large headed by women . There are other factors which are responsible for the decline of the family in America. It is very interesting that though the age at which first marriages are taking place has increased to an average of 28 years in case of females but the age at first incidence of premarital sex has declined. It has become and accepted behavior by the society . it is no more considered an abnormal behavior. United States is among the leading countries as far as pregnancies out of wedlock are concerned. India is as far as premarital sex is concerned quite conservatives . The exact figures of Premarital sexual encounter is largely undocumented as there is a stigma attached to it. Although it can be quite reliably said that a kind of sexual liberalism is in the making . The acceptance and the prevalence of Valentines day is indicator of the acceptance of these ideas Till the till the 1990 s it was an enigma but now every town and city is reverberating to these ideas . It would be wrong to say that promiscuity was not an acceptable social practice . Especially the Hindu culture is full of the examples of the sexual liberalism. In fact it is the reason why the western concept of cohabitation and sexual freedom gained so much popularity. Various forms of family are there in United States like the extended family, the single-parent family, the â€Å"blended family† (where previously married spouses with children remarry), and the â€Å"part-time-parent† family (where a parent is only with the rest of the family for weekends). Changes in the structure of the family is severely effect the health and well being of children The divorce rate is very high in American society . More than half of the marriages end up getting divorced and it has been studied that children of such households have more likelihood of cohabiting and premarital sex which can result in pregnancies (Le Bourdais et al1998) Children in single parents family have lower academic excellence both at high school and university level. Marriage is a precursor to the formation of the family. It is very sacred institution in which there is no escape. The Indian society is primarily a patriarchal society and male members are the bread winners and the bearer of authority. Women’s role at the best can seen as complementary she is considered as an ardhangini or the other half. The economic independence and the transportation of the Ideas of equality coupled with the emphasis on the material wellbeing have resulted in the acceptance of the women working outside the precincts of their homes. There is consistent increase in the incidence of the family of nuclear family and the reasons of this rise is urbanization, industrialization, globalization and decrease in the fertility rates since 1961 (Niranjan, Nair Roy, 2005) The southern India which has lower fertility rates have seen a shrinking the family size . The size of he family dependent on the economic status as upper class have lesser tendency to form a nuclear family . it is independent of the caste and religion. Class is a predominant aspect of most of the nation states. The major distinction between the haves and the have not is of relevance to most societies . The class system in the Indian society is very rigid as those who are born in a particular class can not move up the hierarchy come what they may do. The Varna system is a social system was based on skills and qualification . Asocial change was seen as a result of the modernization and interaction with the west in the form of the colonial occupation. Since the middle class is the most representative of the society of any country . Therefore it has been taken as indicator of the change . The organization or the structure of the family remains the same irrespective of the class distinction. The social class in the American society is strictly on the basis of the economic standing of the individuals . It is broad spectrum of society that can range from the Janitor to the manager. We are contrasting the effect of globalization on a middle class family of the developing country like India and the developed country like America. The middle class in India comprises of a mosaic of various culture and religion. Class does play an important role in the character and the speed of the changes that are occurring as a result of the globalization. In the present context class in the Indian society is being defined more by the economic status than by the social order of the olden times which owed its existence to the Vanaashramdharama. It is the economic compulsions which is resulting in the middle class families in India to move away from the traditional model of family to amore western concept There are certain similarities how these changes have been perceived in both the American and the Indian middle class like the acceptance of the role of women in the mainstream has been gradual. There are differences between the middle class of the two countries . India is by far more conservative as far as the role of women in society is concerned . Household duties is still the pejorative of the women . She is doubly burdened as she has keep the hearth as well as earn to enhance the material wellbeing of her family members THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCE Globalization is seen by many as an economic phenomenon as there is an influx of capital in the national economy. There is an immense interaction of the local economy with the international market. The economic changes that are taking place as a result of globalization are having an impact on the family structure of the developing countries like India . We are seeing a shift from the joint family system to the nuclear family structure. Many factors contributed to the disintegration of the joint family. Multinational companies have captured the national economies and hence a lot of job opportunities have been created. Women are increasingly becoming economically independent . This is a step towards an empowerment of women but it doesn’t indicate that all sorts of gender bias that have traditionally been prevalent in the Indian family structure has been eradicated. Family structure provided a kind of social security net for the most vulnerable members of our society . The old and the infirm and kids enjoyed the security and safety of their homes. The multinational companies have entered the Indian market and are eroding the value system of the traditional societies. There is a prevalence of dual earners in the middle class as a result the moms are not performing their traditional roles of caregivers which were unpaid labor. However the increase in the income of the middle class family has lead to increase in the living standards of the average middle class family. These trends is result of globalization as the in the west working women is the norm of society. The economic independence of women was precursor to a higher divorce rate in the contemporary Indian society. Many women are opting out of abusive marriages as they are economically independent. Despite this fact the divorce rate in India is among the lowest. It stands at 1. 1%where as in America it is 54. 8% according to Wikipedia. The Indian society is in transition and divorce and remarriages are slowly gaining acceptability. It is difficult to get the exact figures of divorce rates because the divorces are filed at the local courts. The women seeking information on how to obtain a divorce through telephone helpline of The Delhi Commission for Women has increased from 20% to 2000% Traditionally marriages in the Indian society could not be annulled it was a sacrosanct relationship and there was no way of getting out of it. Liu is quoted by Science Daily said â€Å"Not only the United States, but also other countries, including developing countries such as China and places with strict religious policies regarding divorce, are having more divorced households, The family structure historically had a survival and welfare function . The member of a family like the women and the children were economically dependent on the male earning member for the fulfillment of their needs The Indian family system was primarily patriarchal . despite the fact that Indian family has various strains because of the different cultures and religion practiced One thing that I common is the fact that it is primarily a male centered unit . The call centre culture is a recent phenomena and the impact of it on the Indian society is by and large undocumented . The new found economic independence of the youth is disturbing the hierarchical structure of the family system. The parental authority is continuously diminishing as the offspring are becoming economically independent. There is shift from parental authority to Co-operation from obedience to exploration. It is a commonplace experience in the Family structure of The American society that the unmarried children who are above 18 years of age to go and live outside the family home . The new found economic independence can be seen as a precipitator of the same trend. The traditional role of women as caregivers has seen a paradigm shift as they are more and more employed and a shift towards smaller families have created a situation in which caring for the elderly and sick is becoming difficult . there is lot of geographic mobility and the lower fertility rates are contributing to the unavailability of persons that can act as care givers. There is an absence of social security net for the elderly consequently they are the worse hit There are no alternatives for them the old homes are either in bad shape or they are not available. In grave contrast to their American counterparts they are rich The old are a target of the advertizing agencies as they have a lot of spending power. The elderly population which can be used as a source of education and the influence of social class on families. Are there similarities in families of same social class in different culture? Whose influence is more culture or economics EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION ON FAMILIES Globalization has brought the modern concept of individual freedom at the doorstep of the developing nations . The demand for the excellence of the individual creates a tension which not only felt by him but by the entire family . It is affecting the parent offspring relationship. The emphasis on material success has disturbed the proviso institution and it has created a problem for the aged and the week and the children who have lost a caregiver . Some of the positive aspect of Globalization is women emancipation and lowering of the fertility rate and poverty . These are problems that the developing nations are facing Globalization has decreased if not completely eradicated this problem. REFERENCES Hertz and Nancy L. Marshall UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley  · Los Angeles  · London year 2001 Lewellen, 2002, p. 7The anthropology of globalization. SAHER MAHMOOD and SOMINI SENGUPTA As Mores Evolve, India’s Divorced Seek Second Chance. Retrieved March 30, 2008 from: http://www. nytimes. com/2008/02/14/world/asia/14remarry. html? _r=2ref=worldoref=sloginoref=slogin Waite Nielsen, 2001, p. 25. Working Families The Transformation of the American Home edited Rosanna

Monday, October 14, 2019

Crime Prevention Programs Children And Young People Essay

Crime Prevention Programs Children And Young People Essay Currently we suffer from overpopulation in our prisons today. One of the main reasons is due to a constant increasing flow of non-violent drug offenders being sentenced to serve time. Drugs are a major problem in our country, so we must be proactive in our efforts and try to come up with programs that would steer youth away from initial drug use that would potentially lead to future incarceration. There are many programs that try to do just that. These programs focus on the youth to try and keep them captivated in healthier venues as opposed to starting drug use or a life of crime. These programs have seen much success in the areas that they are in by means of crime prevention. This paper will discuss the programs and how they actually help in crime prevention by helping the youth within those communities. Adult-supervised, youth-development afterschool prevention programs reduce the onset or intensity of alcohol, tobacco, and drug use. These programs serve many important purposes including: Positive interaction with and supervision by adults Enrichment programs and activities help youth develop drug/alcohol free hobbies Occupying free time with positive choices in a supervised element Helps create a service ethic through community service Development of social skills and the keys to just say no to drugs and alcohol The programs with the most positive results tend to be those that combine fun with structure and teach prevention through activities. When afterschool prevention programs, run by Boys and Girls Clubs, were started in selected public housing developments in New York, drug use, presence of crack cocaine use, police reports of drug activity all decreased significantly. Drug activity decreased 22%, juvenile arrests dropped 13%, and vandalism in the public housing developments decreased 12.5%, and parental involvement increased, compared with public housing developments that were not selected to implement the afterschool programs. The program included structured, adult-supervised recreation and youth development activities combined with a focused prevention activity, Smart Moves, developed by the Boys Girls Clubs specifically for non-classroom settings (Bailey, 1998). Worldwide over the past couple of decades, we have seen an increase in the amount of recreational organizations being created. Recognizing the increasing jail and prison populations, these places were constructed to benefit the entire community in the long run. These facilities have many things that lured youth in such as batting cages, pools, tracks to run, basketball, weight rooms, a healthy and productive alternative to running around on the streets. Programs that engage the youth while keeping them on a straightened path is what will really make the difference in a community. One organization that incorporates healthy alternatives to substance abuse and criminal activity in youths is The Boys Girls Clubs of America. This organization is among the top of the lists of facilities to aid in crime prevention in youths. Their programs are nationally recognized as well as tested and proved effective in addressing problems that modern day youths face as well as showing them tools to make them successful throughout their lives. Programs are available nationwide and focus on areas such as alcohol and drug prevention, various areas of education, gang prevention, pregnancy prevention, athletics, the environment and leadership development. The Boys Girls Clubs of America commend accomplishments while also adding an extra goal for young adults to aspire for, such as the opportunity to meet important role models on a global scale; these actions have led to a high success rate within the organization. One of the ways that the Boys Girls Clubs of America commend accomp lishments through their organization is through their own Youth of the Year awards. These awards are given out to those who show outstanding contributions to the Club, family, and community as well. Each state produces a winner and the winners from each state then compete for the title of National Youth of the Year; with the ultimate Youth of the Year being recognized by the President of the United States, which is the ultimate honor (Boys Girls Clubs of America, 2007). The hopes of this competition is to instill in these young adults that they can accomplish any dream if the put their mind to it and stay away from drugs and alcohol or resorting to violence. There are over 2,000 YMCAs worldwide, which makes it the largest not-for-profit community service organization in America working to meet the health and human service needs of 20.2 million men, women and children in 10,000 communities in the United States. YMCAs are at the heart of community life across the country: 42 million families and 72 million households are located within three miles of a YMCA (YMCA, 2007). Because of their non-profit services and unique locations around the world, 20.1 million members have joined these clubs, 9.5 million of which are under the age of 18. Thousands of Ys work with local elementary, middle, and high schools, hospitals, and churches to promote child care and teen leadership and provides services that they may need. So many kids today are starting down the wrong paths in life at earlier ages. The fact the children are being left alone and unattended at their homes between the hours that they get out of school until their parents get home is not helping the matter. Kids are often taking advantage of the situation and doing whatever they want. If this continues to happen for some time before they get caught, they might not stop when asked to. Lucky for us, YMCAs is the largest providers of childcare in the United States, operating nearly 10,000 childcare sites throughout the United States providing affordable and high quality care to more than a half million children. The YMCA does also serve nearly 10 million children under the age of 18 through activities such as camping, sports, and afterschool programs. YMCAs are the largest employers of teenagers in the country (YMCA, 2007). YMCAs nationwide even offer an After School Program. It is a safe and caring environment in your childs own school that is offered at school dismissal (including scheduled half days) until 6:00 PM and before school care begins at 7:00 AM until school begins. You can choose between 2-5 days a week and they also offer childcare on holidays and snow days. During this time your children participate in arts and crafts, games, gym activities, group activities, special events, and trips. Homework time and help is also provided, as well as an afternoon snack. And you dont have to worry about the type of people that are watching your kids because they are just as much qualified to work with children as are teachers. Our staff members are selected from a wide range of applicants who undergo strict background checks, most of whom have been with us for several years (YMCA, 2007). This next organization is about taking the next step and preparing youth for their future involvement in the workforce. The Department of Youth and Community Development (DYCD) was created in 1996 in order to consolidate resources and provide the City of New York with higher-quality, more efficient youth and family programming. Our central task is administering available city, state, and federal funds to strong and effective community-based organizations (NYC Department of Youth and Community Development, 2007). DYCD funds a wide range of innovative, practical and quality programs that positively impact youth and communities. These programs include but are not limited to: Runaway and Homeless Youth Outreach, Youth Workforce Development, Corporate Internships for Youth, Summer Youth Employment Program, and the nations largest municipally funded Out-of-School Time initiative. It is programs like these that we need to see more of, programs that prepare young teens for success, sending t hem off on internships to meet well-known successful people. We need to raise their hopes and help them realize that their dreams can become reality. Like the YMCA, the Department of Youth and Community Development (DYCD) also has after school programs. With the increased number of parents entering the workforce, the need for expanded quality after-school services to support young people and their families is a must. The DYCD supports two major after-school initiatives: the Out-of-School Time Program and the Beacon Program. As previously stated, the Out-of-School Time (OST) Program is the largest after-school program throughout the nation. The programs offered are free of charge and offer an equal balance between recreational activities, the arts, sports, and academic tutoring and support for elementary school students throughout high school. OST programs operate on most school holidays to meet the needs of working parents (NYC Department of Youth and Community Development, 2007). The Beacon Program is slightly different in that it was designed for kids ages 16-21. In this program, young adults are offered the experience of academ ic support and college preparatory, sports such as basketball and martial arts, as well as art infused themes such as photography. These centers operate six days and 42 hours a week in the afternoons and evenings, and on weekends. Weve explored the opportunities of childcare and support during the day and after school hours, but what are these children to do at night? Is this not the most popular time for individuals go out, cause mischief, and commit crimes? What can be done to attempt to suppress this? Seattle Parks and Recreations new Late Night Program could very well be the answer. The Late Night Recreation Program is a fun, safe environment for high-risk Seattle youth. Our goal is to save the lives of our youth, create opportunities for success and provide positive alternatives to drugs, gangs, and other undesirable activities, stated Betty Jean Brooks the Interim Superintendent. The Late Night Recreation Program targets youths most prone to harmful behavior and shows them the possibility of having a positive future. It offers a variety of activities: educational services such as tutoring, computer and teen parenting programs, inter-cultural activities such as ethnic dance and bead-making and athletic ac tivities such as basketball, volleyball, martial arts and other sports. According to the Seattle Police Department, crime has been reduced an average of 30 percent near the Late Night centers. A new program has also come about in Vancouver and Richmond called Night Hoops: Nocturnal Basketball. Night Hoops is a late night basketball program for youth 13-18 yrs. of age. Its goal is to use basketball as a vehicle to promote asset development in a supported environment. Night Hoops offers youths the opportunity to experience the thrill of playing on an organized basketball team. The youth really benefits from having something as fun and positive as this. Those who need an alternative to where they spend their Friday and Saturday nights dont have to look far. Youth who are experiencing difficulties at home, in school, and would benefit from physical activity and being around positive role models would be perfect candidates. Religious Youth Group organizations put on by local churches is also an option. Along with religious education classes for children, these groups offer programs for youth age 12 19. The First Unitarian Universalist Church of San Antonio has created two different groups: Club M2U and YRUU. Club M2U is for Middle School students (grades 6 8). Focus is on having fun, making friends, and doing projects together. Some of their recent activities have been ice skating, collecting school supplies for hurricane victims, and planning an Animal Dedication service for the entire church. The YRUU serves youth from 14-19 years old. Guided by national goals and purposes, each local group determines its own vision. The five components of balanced youth programming are Worship, Community Building, Social Action, Learning, and Leadership. Youth in this program have many opportunities to grow into leadership at group, congregational, district, and continental levels. There is a youth group similar to this where I live. It is held on Friday nights from 8-midnight. There is a lesson service for each group of kids (10-14 and 15-21) in the beginning and then the last 2 hours we are free to partake in recreational activities such as basketball, volleyball, floor hockey, Frisbee, football, etc. And what I thought was great was to see all these other kids from other towns coming over to be a part of this event. It is really quite impressive for a word of mouth establishment. With all the opportunities the youths have within their reach it is still beyond me why so many become involved in breaking the law. The continuation of education these young minds of how bad gangs and drugs and violence are is most important, and not only after school but in school as well. The G.R.E.A.T. Program (Gang Resistance Education and Training) is a school-based, law enforcement officer-instructed classroom curriculum that is intended as an immunization against delinquency, youth violence, and gang membership. G.R.E.A.T. lessons focus on providing life skills to students to help them avoid using delinquent behavior and violence to solve problems. Because this is a four-component program (elementary school, middle school, high school, and summer classes) it is not something that is easily forgotten. It would be a major problem and of no significance if they only taught it to you in one of those sections. If you were taught it at a young age, you might not understand and ofte n forget and if you were taught it in high school you might laugh at the program and not pay attention at all. The thoroughness throughout the years is the most effective form of education. The other program that is offered to you through school is the D.A.R.E. program (Drug Abuse Resistance Education). This is one of the highly acclaimed programs that give kids the skills they need to avoid involvement in drugs, gangs, and violence. This is a series of classroom lessons that teaches children from kindergarten through 12th grade how to resist peer pressure and live productive drug and violence-free lives. Because this is a police officer led discussion, I feel that with the powerful authority figure you can get more across to the kids and they are more apt to listen to what he/she is saying. Once the students understand and commit to memory what it is the officer is saying they can then precede through life not having to worry about falling victim to the perils of crime. As you can see, there are countless organizations that are trying harder and harder every day to grow and promote their establishments so that there will be less crime. We cant expect the children to make all the decisions and to know that all these programs are out there either. Parents need to look into these types of organizations around their area for their children and suggest them. The children are not going to know about them without the parents help. Maybe a late night basketball program is exactly what your son/daughter wants and you just didnt know because you never brought it to their attention. Youth groups are a great way to meet new people in a safe and friendly environment. If they still seem uninterested there is still the trial and error approach. Tell them that you and he/she will go once, just to see if they like it or if there is anything there that they are interested in. YMCAs and the Boys Girls Clubs have almost anything you could possible want to do. You cant go wrong here so use it as a reserve option. The effort is being made to help, but this isnt a one-way street. Parents, let your children know about the opportunities they are missing out on that will help keep them out of living a life of crime.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Male Masochism in the Religious Lyrics of Donne and Crashaw Essay

Male Masochism in the Religious Lyrics of Donne and Crashaw The impetus of my psychoanalytic exploration of male masochism in Donne and Crashaw occurs in Richard Rambuss's "Pleasure and Devotion: The Body of Jesus and Seventeenth-Century Religious Lyric," in which he opens up possibilities for reading eroticism (especially homoeroticism) in early modern representations of Christ's body. In this analysis, Rambuss opposes Caroline Walker Bynum who, in response to Leo Steinberg's The Sexuality of Christ in Renaissance Art, claims that depictions of Christ's genitalia (the focus of Steinberg's work) can only be regarded as erotic from a modern standpoint, for such representations in historical context, before the advent of modern sexuality, could not have rendered "sexual" meanings for their audiences but only those signifying reproduction. As Rambuss points out, Bynum's analysis denies the possibility of reading the erotic--especially the homoerotic--in medieval/Renaissance representation (268), for it works on the underlying assumption that such meanings are structured according to the false binary of "sexual/generative." Conversely, In Rambuss's view, "the body [is] at least potentially sexualized, as a truly polysemous surface where various significances and expressions--including a variety of erotic ones--compete and collude with each other in making the body meaningful" (268). This is where my exploration begins. Rather than "delimit the erotic," I wish to investigate what is potentially sexual in seventeenth-century religious poetry (here that of Donne and Crashaw), tracing not only "same-sex" desire "spun out from and around Christ's body," as Rambuss has done but also examining libidinal economie... ...ery of a different strain of masochism than that which Freud labeled "moral"--"Christian masochism" (197). [3] In "The Economic Problem of Masochism," Freud identifies three types of masochism: 1) Primary or erotogenic--the bodily association of pain and sexual excitement; 2) feminine--the desire to be beaten; and 3) moral--the self-inflicted torture of one's ego by the superego (161). My term, erotic masochism, would include the "erotogenic" and "feminine" in a Freudian framework. [4] Jean Laplanche, in Life and Death in Psychoanalysis, has shown the role of such transition in the human subject's "sexualization," or movement from non-sexual to "sexualized" drives. In erotic forms of sadism and masochism, the subject transforms [via a "prop"] non-sexual aggression into a desire for sexual aggression, directed at others or against the self (85-102).