Business Environment Essay Example for Free

Business Environment Essay In a highly competitive and ultra-dynamic business environment in order for Morden business to remain competitive and thrive, it is no longer good enough to compete and serve at a local scale, more and more business have seen the need and benefit of expanding their business on a global scale. Expanding the business internationally will allow a broader market which in turn will help the organisation stay competitive even gain a competitive edge, it will also result in increased profit margins and stakeholders larger return on investments. When expanding internationally there are several key issues that will need to be addressed such as the organisational context, the staffing context, recruitment and selection, international compensation and performance management and continued management and re-entry. The organisational context Whinch-it board of directors though lacking the necessary skills to expand globally have expressed interest in expanding to the Asian region to tape into the markets need for boats and boating equipment. When planning an overseas expansion they are several issues that should be considered, these include the change of size and structure of the organisation, the flow and volume of information, control mechanisms, and the host countries demands-Dowling et.al 2008. As the business expands it gets bigger in terms of size and therefore structure of the organisation has to change in order to accommodate the change in size. According to Lihua (2009) two key structural features of the organisation will change which are the hierarchal levels and the number of subunits. Due to more employees being needed they will need to be managers to manage the subunits therefore an increase in the levels of hierarchy in the organisation. Departments such as the export department structure will also be the i nitial stages to be affected and also attended to by manufacturing companies such as Winch-it. Whinch-it will require a foreign agent or a distributor who will have knowledge of the local market, in addition to a foreign agent an export manager is also needed to control the domestic based home office, this new positions will affect the structure and size of Winch-it. With an increasing size of the organisation and a longer hierarchical system the volume of information and control mechanism becomes harder to monitor. According to Arace et.al 1974 communication plays a vital role in the organisation’s control and coordination process and the organisational hierarchy plays a part in the work related communication flows, the more levels of hierarchy means the longer and delay the information might get to certain subunits and the relevancy and urgency of that information might have diminished by the time it gets to its final destination, Arace et.al 1974 also states the need of networking in the organisation as that will strengthen the communication links between individuals in the organisation. There are various organisational structures that Winch-it can adopt for its international expansion, the most effective one I recommend is the matrix structure. By adopting this structure Whinch-it is basically integrating its operations across more than one dimension Dowling et.al (2008). The advantages to this structural form are no issue is neglected as conflicts of interest are brought out in the open and priority is placed upon any problem that may arise in the organisation. Due to Whinch-it having multiple objectives in their plan to internationalize their business such as not just selling their products in the Asian regions but also moving some of the production overseas the matrix structure is an excellent choice as it fits the strategy of simultaneous pursuits and multiple business dimensions which in will also be given equal priority Dowling et.al (2008). According to Qiu et.al (2012) a number of multinational companies use the matrix system to implement high levels of dual strategies such as foreign product diversification and area diversification; this shows the matrix system fits the situation. This matrix structure is highly effective but is also expensive and will require careful implementation and management from the top management. The staffing context Whinch-it can pursue one of several approaches to international staffing, with each having its advantages and disadvantages. These staffing methods include ethnocentric staffing method which the strategic decisions are made at the headquarters and the foreign subsidiaries have limited autonomy. If Whinch-it feels there are no qualified personals in the host country then ethnocentric approach will prove to be the best one. Having a parent company national will also maintain the communication, coordination and control links to corporate headquarters. Disadvantages of this staffing model include reduced productivity and high turnover as a result of limited promotional opportunities to the host country nationals. Another staffing method that can be used is polycentric, this models allows each subsidiary to be managed by a host country national with some decision making autonomy, this will eliminate some of the problems that ethnocentric have while also eliminating adjustment periods, lan guage barriers and it gives continuity of management of foreign subsidiaries Dowling et.al 2008. Polycentric however has its disadvantages such as language barriers with parent company national and the loyalty to the PCN might be lower that the loyalty to the HCN’s nationality. Geocentric method of staffing takes no account of the nationality of the individuals but their ability to perform the task at hand, the advantages of this according to Dowling et.al (2008) is that it enables a development of an international team that will be ready for deployment throughout the global organisation, one of its disadvantages is the host government wanting a bigger percentage of the employees from the host country and it is very expansive due to increased training and relocation cost. Choosing the correct staffing model for Whinch-it, various factors such as the uncertainty of the foreign market and the rules and laws differing greatly from rules and regulation from the PCN and also the technology advancement being different according to Isidor et.al (2011) technology intensity will increase the likelihood of an ethnocentric staffing method, although this will be beneficial I recommend Winch-it to employ the Geocentric staffing model. This model although expensive will allow the organisation to have the best people for the job who are trained by the organisation and will allow for an easier communication and control throughout all the subsidiaries and the PCN headquarters. According to Gowan (2004) recruitment success results from the organisation understanding of relationship among person-job fit, person-organization fit and cultural differences and recruits accordingly. This will help the organisation in employing high potential employees. Recruitment and selection The goal of organisations is to employ people at the positions that there will be able to do their jobs effectively and efficiently, this aspect is extremely important to the organisation as the employees recruited and selected by the organisation will be vital the success of the organisation. Issues that will arise in the international selection and recruiting are the fact that the national government would want the locals to be hired as opposed to foreigners. The fact that they will be cultural difference in the host country the selection of employees will need to be able to adapt to the host country culture and develop the appropriate behaviours as according to host country. Winch-it should consider the factors the inability of expatriate to adjust to foreign culture as this is the main reason for expatriate fail, this may have resulted because of family concerns as the employee will be separated from family or the family will having difficulties adjusting to the foreign land which can put a lot of emotional strain on the expatriate and therefore may also affect their job. The length of the assignment will also prove to be a problem as the expatriate may require longer time to adjust before being effective but due to the lack of time they may be needed to be effective as soon as possible with no sufficient adjustment time. According to Dowling et.al 2008 the companies can offer the expatriate family friendly policies that will assist the families too in the adjustment and adapting to the foreign land. International compensation and performance management Pay is the most important factor as it as the biggest motivator when it comes to employees performing their task effectively and efficiently. A study taken by Chen et.al 2012 showed that groups that where offered a pay increase worked more cohesive and effective that the group that where offered just the base pay. When going international the parent company nationals will need to be compensated for the perceived risk they will be going by going to a foreign land therefor the expatriates should receive benefits that will offer them the incentive to go to their appointed positions and perform at a high level and avoid expatriate failure. Reference list Lihua, W 2009, Ownership, size, and the formal structure of organizations: evidence from US public and private firms, 1992-2002, Industrial Corporate Change, 18, 4, pp. 595-636, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 April 2013 arace, R, Pacanowsky, M 1974, Organizational Communication Role, Hierarchical Level, and Relative Status, Academy Of Management Proceedings (00650668), p. 62, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 April 2013. Qiu, J, Donaldson, L 2012, Stopford and Wells were Right! MNC Matrix Structures do fit a High-High Strategy, Management International Review (MIR), 52, 5, pp. 671-689, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 April 2013 Isidor, R, Schwens, C, Kabst, R 2011, Human resource management and early internationalization: is there a leap-frogging in international staffing?, International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 22, 10, pp. 2167-2184, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 April 2013 Gowan, MA 2004, Development of the Recruitment Value Proposition for Geocentric Staffing, Thunderbird International Business Review, 46, 6, pp. 687-708, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 April 2013. Sparrow, PR 2007, Globalization of HR at function level: four UK-based case studies of the international recruitment and selection process, International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 18, 5, pp. 845-867, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 April 2013. Chen, C, Williamson, M, Zhou, F 2012, Reward System Design and Group Creativity: An Experimental Investigation, Accounting Review, 87, 6, pp. 1885-1911, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 30 April 2013 Dowling, J Marion Festing, D 2008 â€Å"International human resource management†

The History Of Shamanism Theology Religion Essay

The History Of Shamanism Theology Religion Essay Shamanism is a huge factor in most traditional religions, some of which include the Africans, Native Americans, many parts of Asia, as well as other cultures. Although the definition of a shaman differs from one region to the next, the general dictionary definition of a shaman is A member of certain tribal societies who acts as a medium between the visible world and an invisible spirit world and who practices magic or sorcery for purposes of healing, divination, and control over natural events. The term shaman originated in the Mongol and Turkish area and is translated literally as one who knows which connects to their knowledge of the ways to manipulate spirits and magic. With Shamanism being involved in so many different cultures, its difficult to give it just one definition, so in this paper I will go through a few of the cultures and explain their specific definition of shamanism and the different aspects involved in African traditional religions. African Shamanism There are many different aspects to African shamanism. The main definition of shamanism in Africa has a good connotation and usually involves manipulation of spirits or earthly substances to heal, direct, or do beneficial work for others. Some of the specific names of these shamans are rainmakers or heaven herders, herbalists or medicine men, and diviners. Not all people use their sources for good works, and when a shaman begins using his or her techniques for evil doings, they then acquire the name of witch or sorcerer. Such is the case in most other cultures as well. There are two distinctive traditional religions in Africa-Zulu and Yoruba. They have many similarities as well as differences. The Zulu stick mostly to the hills because of their geographical location, and in turn consider hills to have spiritual significance. Because hills have such special meaning, the Zulu build their towns, or kraals, on the hillsides in a circular formation with the gates facing east (do to significance of the sun), the herd in the center of the kraal, and the headman, known as the umnumzane, is on the west side of the kraal. The umnumzane has a lot of influence on the tribe. He holds the political, social and religious leader roles over the whole tribe, and is often a diviner. The headman of each Zulu kraal is the chief official of the village and also that person most directly responsible for the performance of the ritual acts expected of all Zulu, especially those that address the ancestors.  [1]  Besides solving disputes or making decisions within his kraal, one of the umnumzanes main roles is contact with the ancestors. He will perform all the rituals and such things to please the ancestors for everyone within his kraal. The ancestors play a huge part in Zulu beliefs and so the role of the umnumzane is very important. The people want to keep the ancestors happy so that they will continue to have good fortune in their lives. According to most African traditional religions, the ancestors do not cause misfortune, but other people do. The authority system is quite similar in the Yoruba tribes. Their political, social and religious leader is one and the same, but rather than having a settlement on a hillside where the rituals involve all of the community under one leader, the religious obligations are put on the head of the family, or the olori ebi, and that person does the communication with the ancestors, and keeps them happy and such. Each family has its own shrine. The community still gets together as a whole to perform religious ceremonies, but it is more focused on the family. Divination is used to determine solutions to problems, to depict reasons of misfortune, or even to predict the future. In the Zulu culture, diviners must be called by means of a dream or vision that is followed by aches, pains, or other bodily dysfunctions. Anyone can become a diviner, although typically women occupy the position. Once called, the person will need to be trained by an experienced diviner. The Yoruba are a bit different with their diviner. They have a priestly cast, and one part of the caste called the Orunmila specifically use divination practices to contact one particular god for answers. Like the Zulu though, the one that will become a diviner will go through extensive training from an experienced diviner. Diviners in both circumstances have many means of doing their work. They can use elements such as water, fire, bones, sticks, etc. to find their answers, and with these objects, they have created means of interpreting the signs from each. In some circumstances, the diviners will allow themselves to be in a trance that allows them to communicate with the spirits, or even be possessed by the spirits in order to find the answers for their clients, but typically the diviners are the ones manipulating the spirits and getting their knowledge rather than being used by the spirits. Once people have determined what their problem is from the diviner, they then go to a herbalist for a remedy. Herbalists could easily be translated to doctors and serve the same role in both the Zulu and Yoruba. They were trained to know well which herbs or remedies worked for the different circumstances. Part of the traditional religions is that spirits live in many of the nature elements, and so herbalists used this theology in their works as well. They would use certain plants or locations because of the spiritual elements involved, and would manipulate the spirits in such a way to cure their client. Whereas most diviners are women, most herbalists are men. Knowledge of medicine is usually handed down from father to son.  [2]  Along with the passed on knowledge, herbalists were always open to new information. This includes realistic information, as well as spiritual insights. Another form of spirit manipulation in the Zulu is the izinyanga ezulu, or heaven herders. Heaven herders are always men, and have to be called in some way by the Sky God. Their job is to control where storms and such go. They are said to be disciples of the Sky God, as well as a medium between the people and the Sky God. With cattle and agriculture being a huge part of the Zulu culture, it makes sense that the sky is handled as cattle are, and that the weather needs to be controlled for the sake of those who own raise crops to feed the people. The Yoruba hold no such position, although they do also worship a similar god with their priestly cast. They (diviners) are not the only supernaturally inspired helpers people turn to for advice. Many consuld mediums who communicate with spirits while in a trance. Some may be possessed only once or twice in their lifetime, but others claim to be in regular contact with one or more familiars that they can identify by name.  [3]  The Yoruba called these people elegun. Among the Zulu, only the diviner could do such, but the with the Yoruba, anyone could be used as a medium; they did not need to be a diviner. The Yoruba also have people that are called the egungun. The egungun are masked dancers that perform for the ancestors. They have special masks that are connected spiritually to the ancestors and are said to have great power. Only men are allowed to be egungun, with the exception of one woman, who is the director or dresser. One has to earn the title of egungun by going through a certain process. While most of those positions are very open to the public and or the good of the community, some people misuse their abilities. Such people are called witches or sorcerers. Since the peoples believe that the spirits do not cause any harm, all bad things are supposedly a result from witches and sorcerers. According to the Zulu, someone could be a witch without realizing it. Their very presence would bring misfortune to those around them. In most cases though, in both the Zulu and the Yoruba, the witches are shaman that use their talents for evil. They twist the system from using their powers mischievously. They work secretively, and usually only at nights. Although trying to differentiate between witches and sorcerers is difficult, there are a few small means of differing them. Sorcerers tend to work alone where as witches will gather together at night and work as a team. Another supposed trait of sorcerers is the ability to shape-shift. There one story of sorcerer luring a woman to fall in love with him. He offered to marry her, and on their trip back to his village the stopped for the night. During the night he transformed into a lion in order to eat her. Luckily for her, her brother did not trust the man and followed them, and proceeded to protect his sister from being eaten. Other stories tell of sorcerers taking on the form of an owl for means of escaping their house silently and unknowingly. Another supposed trait of sorcerers is their ability to use the undead. They can kill a person using their black magic, and then use the persons dead body for their own use. Witches are most often depicted as using voodoo, charms and curses. Voodoo involves acquiring a part of someone, such as a hair, nail, or something of the sort, and it is added to a certain object that the witch makes. The part of the person connects them to the witches object, and the witch is able to toy with the person in this way. Charms could be an object that has been chanted over and charged with magic. A charm could be a piece of paper with a chant written on it that could be worn, or a charm could simply be a chant itself used in moments of needed protection or other. Most often, people would get charms to protect themselves from witches curses. The last main thing that witches use is curses. Curses, hexes, spells, or whatever you may call them, have been a worry of average people for longer than history can tell. Often it is a chant said with emotion over a person to bring misfortune on them. They can be spoken in an unknown language, which is said to have more impact on th e target. Native American Shamanism Native American shamanism is similar in a lot of ways, as well as different in a lot of ways. Shamans are viewed in a good way, where their work is for the better of the community. Each nation had spiritual leaders and healers each one had different beliefs of what practices were done. The Lakota believed that their spiritual leaders were in constant communication with Wakan Tanka or The Great Spirit. Their role was to seek spiritual enlightenment and secure the tribes good graces with the spirit world. They were healers of the mind and body.  [4]  They have healers-which is the same idea as herbalists-diviners, and mediators, as well as witchcraft. Native Americans have strong ties with animals though. To the Native Americans, the medicine men are not so much magical in their works, but they are knowledgeable people who have a greater understanding and like to think. Their natural abilities make them suitable to be medicine men. Medicine men more frequently appeared in tribes that were able to be open and exchange thoughts and knowledge with other tribes. Most often fathers would pass down knowledge to their sons and so the title stayed within the family that way. The Native American divination practices differed from that of the Africans. They often used stars, and things of nature to determine the answers that were sought. Sometimes they would use a pipe, and the answers would come through their opened mind from the smoke. They still used divination in the same way as the Africans, so use the spirits to find answers for their clients. Witchcraft, although not the technical title, in the Native American tribes had a much different feel though. Rather than voodoo and curses, the Native American bad shamans worked with charms and animals. The charms again were certain made objects that had been charged with power, and were used to protect the person from evil and misfortune. The Native Americans had an interesting relationship with animals. A power animal protects you physically and provides you with emotional support, wisdom, and vital energy. Some people think a power animal is a spirit being that stays with you because it cares for you and enjoys being able to experience life in a physical body. Others think a power animal is a symbol for ones subconscious wisdom. Almost everybody has a power animal; some have several. (Perhaps you had an invisible animal friend as a child or have always been fascinated with a particular kind of animal. This animal may be your power animal.) A person may in the course of life lose contact with the power animal, thereby losing the animals protection, wisdom, and energy. If you lose contact with your power animal, you may feel dispirited, you may become sick easily, or you may be accident-prone. The shamanic healing technique of power animal retrieval can restore a persons connection to a power animal. A person can also journey to find his or her own power animal.  [5]  With this emphasis on animals, often the bad shamans could be connected shape-shifters that caused issues. The main evil in Native American beliefs was evil spirits. With a belief in the ancestor spirits and animism, the Native Americans had to always keep all the spirits happy, and misfortune was often cause by spirits, thus the need for protective charms and shared power of animal spirits. Conclusion Despite having minimal contact between these 2 cultures, it is surprising that they share such similar roles. On the other hand, this shows the nature of humans over all with paranoia of spirits and bad luck, as well as the respect for ancestors. Shamanism is a big part of both cultures, and has many different aspects to it.

Article Of Confederation Essay -- essays research papers

Government under the Articles of confederation could not deal effectively with many issues that arose during the 1780’s. Despite it’s many weaknesses, the new government accomplished a great deal. The western lands became the prize and treasure of the new government. Since the Articles of Confederation could only request financial support form the states instead of demanding taxes, these western lands replaced taxes. The so called “public domain'; or unsettled land were larger than all the established states put together. Therefore, by selling the land, the weak new government received money that it couldn’t find in any other way. Instead of using this vast area like the European did with the thirteen colonies we made an “Empire for Liberty.'; The Empire was built by adding new states. This was an extremely unique idea among people during the time. The charting of the vast western public domain was one way the government under the Articles of Confederati on was praiseworthy. It was the greatest single achievement in domestic policy for the Confederation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Under the Articles of Confederation each state was given the power to regulate their own currency. Each state issued it’s own money. As a result nobody knew exactly how much a New York dollar was worth compared to a one from New Jersey or Virginia. The more money there was in circulation, the less a dollar was worth. Finally, there was j...

Flexible Staffing Arrangements Essay examples -- Work Working Workforc

Flexible Staffing Arrangements Options for flexible work schedules--once nonexistent--have become a reality, with benefits for workers and employees alike. Job sharing, compressed work weeks, reduced hours, work at home, and flextime have provided employees with the means to realize a better balance between work and family and an opportunity to engage simultaneously in more than one endeavor, e.g., school and work, two careers, and work and leisure. They can also lead to economic and emotional stress and to limited opportunities for professional growth. This Digest examines flexible work options, including the characteristics of workers who select them, the organizations that offer them, and the influence they have on worker satisfaction, performance, productivity, and career progression. Flexible Staffing Arrangements Over the years, employers have established employment arrangements with workers that include working in shifts, on "temporary" assignments, in a part-time capacity, and through independent contract work. The impetus for these arrangements is the organizations desire to realize its short-term service and production goals and to reap the low-cost benefits of a contingent work force. Today, with businesses facing increasingly competitive markets and unprecedented customer demands for services, the employment of workers in shifts to cover a 24-hour day is increasing. In fact, one in five workers is hired to work outside the typical 9-to-5 time slot ("No More Nine-to-Five" 1998). Manufacturing companies have traditionally operated day and night, often to capitalize on equipment usage. However, many other types of companies are now offering their services around the clock, e.g., financial services, 24-hou... ... to Growth in Use of Part-Time Faculty." Chronicle of Higher Education 44, no. 15 (December 5, 1997): A18. Lief, L. "An End to the Dead-End Job?" U.S. News & World Report 123, no. 16 (October 27, 1997): 86-87. McShulskis, E. "Retirees Returning to Work Threaten Some Full-Time Workers." HRMagazine 42, no. 3 (March 1997):26-28. McShulskis, E. "Part-Time Plans Have a Positive Impact." HRMagazine 43, no. 1 (January 1998): 26. "No More Nine-to-Five." The Economist 346, no. 8050 (January 1998): 53-55. "No Part-Time Job Explosion." The Economist 344, no. 8030 (August 16, 1997): 23. "Part-Time Professionals Push Positive Image." CQ Researcher 7, no. 40 (October 24, 1997): 944. Tolliver, C. "The Payback from Part Time." HR Focus 74, no. 12 (December 1997): 1, 3-4. "Using Part-Time Workers." IRS Employment Review no. 629 (April 1997): E13-E16.

Vocabulary :: essays research papers

Vocabulary: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amendment: Written change in the Constitution. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Balanced Budget: Budget in which income equals expenses. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Birthrate: Number of births per 1,000 persons during one year. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Block Grant: Federal funds given to state and local governments for broad purposes. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brown v. Board of Education: Concerned eight-year-old Linda Brown, a black girl living in Topeka, Kansas. The school only five blocks from Linda’s home was for whites only. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  City: Largest type of municipality. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Commander-In-Chief: Role of the President as head of the armed forces. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Concurring Opinion: Statement written by a Supreme Court Justice who agrees with the majority but for different reasons. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Counties: Subdivision of state government formed to carry out state laws, collect taxes, and supervise elections. 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Debt Limit: Limit on the amount of money a government may borrow. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Delegated Powers: Power given to the federal government by the Constitution. 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dissenting Opinion: Statement written by a Supreme Court Justice who disagrees with the majority decision. 13.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Double Jeopardy: Being tried a second time for the same crime. 14.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Draft: Policy requiring men to serve in the military. 15.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Due Process: Right of all people to a fair trial. 16.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electoral College: Group of people who cast the official votes that elect the President and Vice President. 17.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Filibuster: Method of delaying action in the Senate by making long speeches. 18.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  General Election: Election in which the voters elect our leaders. 19.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Glittering Generalities: Method uses words that sound good but have little real meaning. 20.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Home Rule: Power of a city to write its own municipal charter and to manage its own affairs. 21.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Immigrant: Person who comes to a nation to settle as a permanent resident. 22.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Implied Power: Authority not specifically granted to Congress by the Constitution but which is suggested to be necessary to carry out the specific powers. 23.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interest: Payment made for the use of loaned money. 24.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interest Group: Organization of people with common interests who try to influence government policies and decisions. 25.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lobbyist: Person paid to represent an interest group’s viewpoint at congressional committee hearings and who tries to influence the votes of Congress members. 26.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marbury v. Madison: The case involved William Marbury, who had been promised appointment as a justice of the peace, and Secretary of State James Madison. 27.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Major-Council Plan: System of local government in which voters elect a city council to make laws and a major to carry out laws. 28.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Misdemeanor: Less serious crime, such as a traffic violation. 29.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personal Income Tax: Tax on the income a person earns. 30.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plank: Each part of a political party’s platform. 31.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Political Action Committee: Political arm of a interest group that collects voluntary contributions from members and contributes it to political candidates and parties it favors.

IT Ethics and Security Essay

Piracy has always been a concern with technology over the years. Organizations strive hard to analyze the requirement of the hour of computer users and then develop software that can fully ease the problems of a user. The organizations that develop software obviously need to have a return for their attempt. The software developers’ job is a tough one, because they put off their sleep in order to maintain a tempo in the development of software and organizations often find it difficult to meet the exact requirements on ordered software, due to which several revisions are done on the software before it gets into a final product. The software development market is generally divided into two categories, Open Source software and Close Source software. The Open Source software is the one that are free to use, and the organizations or individual developers who develop this software encourage its distribution, usage and at times modifications according to the requirement of the user. The Source code, which has all the development procedures are provided to the user in this category, therefore the modifications become easy when the software gets into the hand of another developer. (Frederick, 2007) These are great for learning purpose and often are used by immature developers to get help in development. The Close Source software are contrastingly different, the users need to buy these software just like any product in the market and often these kind of software get customer support and trainings â€Å"how to†, so that the user gets full value for his money. The close source software is ones, that are stable and they go through different processes before its final launch. The organization that develop these software often register them with their name so that copyrights and license usage law is applied on them. The licensure law ensures the organization that the software bought but a person will be used according to organization’s specified conditions. (Albacea, 2005) In this particular case where the friend is offering to split the cost is a violation of licensure law. Microsoft is a large enterprise and it develops close source software that are copyrighted and licensed according to their terms and conditions. When my friend bought Microsoft Office, in the product pack he had been provided the terms for use of the product, which states that sharing of the product is a violation to the licensure law. Ethically this is very wrong because Microsoft develops the software after several procedures and analyzing the market conditions, and the price $300 for the office suite the charged is based upon cost analysis of one person. The sharing of one-user license is almost equal to as stealing of a product; because the organization is charging for once only from the user but at the same price another user using the same product free of cost. There have been several discussions conducted in small to large enterprises that develop software about piracy and violation of usage licensure. However many steps have been taken to minimize the violation and organizations also offer some package deals where multiple licenses are discounted which saves a lot of cost of user. This ethical violation of licensure law has been minimized to some extend now due to efforts but it also depends upon the inner self of a person to realize the attempt that an organization does in order to develop the software and stealing the software reduced their return which is an ethical issue.

Save the Earth Essay

Good Morning, today I xxxx am here to talk to you about ‘’The Earth† Let me begin by a famous quote- â€Å" The Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.† ― Mahatma Gandhi The urgent message is â€Å"Save the Earth†. It’s a message that has been heard before and consistently being spread throughout the world. In this time that I have to talk to you, I want to show to you, how deep a mess we are in, with environmental crisis and how we can get out of it. It warns us about the catastrophic changes in Earth’s ecosystem as the consequence of global warming. Drought, Famine, Severe flooding, Record rainfall, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Forest Fires, Acid rain: this is the result of being ignorant and not caring for our mother earth. Our planet looks like it’s infected with a disease. We turned this once-vibrant planet into a toxic, treeless, lifeless, and overheated trash site. The urgent message is â€Å"Save the Earth†. It’s a message that has been heard before and consistently being spread throughout the world. In this time that I have to talk to you, I want to show to you, how deep a mess we are in, with environmental crisis and how we can get out of it. It warns us about the catastrophic changes in Earth’s ecosystem as the consequence of global warming. Drought, Famine, Severe flooding, Record rainfall, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Forest Fires, Acid rain: this is the result of being ignorant and not caring for our mother earth. Our planet looks like it’s infected with a disease. We turned this once-vibrant planet into a toxic, treeless, lifeless, and overheated trash site. Good Morning, today I xxxx am here to talk to you about ‘’The Earth† Let me begin by a famous quote- â€Å" The Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.† ― Mahatma Gandhi The urgent message is â€Å"Save the Earth†. It’s a message that has been heard before and consistently being spread throughout the world. In this time that I have to talk to you, I want to show to you, how deep a mess we are in, with environmental crisis and how we can get out of it. It warns us about the catastrophic changes in Earth’s ecosystem as the consequence of global warming. Drought, Famine, Severe flooding, Record rainfall, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Forest Fires, Acid rain: this is the result of being ignorant and not caring for our mother earth. Our planet looks like it’s infected with a disease. We turned this once-vibrant planet into a toxic, treeless, lifeless, and overheated trash site. The urgent message is â€Å"Save the Earth†. It’s a message that has been heard before and consistently being spread throughout the world. In this time that I have to talk to you, I want to show to you, how deep a mess we are in, with environmental crisis and how we can get out of it. It warns us about the catastrophic changes in Earth’s ecosystem as the consequence of global warming. Drought, Famine, Severe flooding, Record rainfall, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Forest Fires, Acid rain: this is the result of being ignorant and not caring for our mother earth. Our planet looks like it’s infected with a disease. We turned this once-vibrant planet into a toxic, treeless, lifeless, and overheated trash site. Good Morning, today I xxxx am here to talk to you about ‘’The Earth† Let me begin by a famous quote- â€Å" The Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.† ― Mahatma Gandhi The urgent message is â€Å"Save the Earth†. It’s a message that has been heard before and consistently being spread throughout the world. In this time that I have to talk to you, I want to show to you, how deep a mess we are in, with environmental crisis and how we can get out of it. It warns us about the catastrophic changes in Earth’s ecosystem as the consequence of global warming. Drought, Famine, Severe flooding, Record rainfall, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Forest Fires, Acid rain: this is the result of being ignorant and not caring for our mother earth. Our planet looks like it’s infected with a disease. We turned this once-vibrant planet into a toxic, treeless, lifeless, and overheated trash site. The urgent message is â€Å"Save the Earth†. It’s a message that has been heard before and consistently being spread throughout the world. In this time that I have to talk to you, I want to show to you, how deep a mess we are in, with environmental crisis and how we can get out of it. It warns us about the catastrophic changes in Earth’s ecosystem as the consequence of global warming. Drought, Famine, Severe flooding, Record rainfall, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Forest Fires, Acid rain: this is the result of being ignorant and not caring for our mother earth. Our planet looks like it’s infected with a disease. We turned this once-vibrant planet into a toxic, treeless, lifeless, and overheated trash site. Good Morning, today I xxxx am here to talk to you about ‘’The Earth† Let me begin by a famous quote- â€Å" The Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.† ― Mahatma Gandhi The urgent message is â€Å"Save the Earth†. It’s a message that has been heard before and consistently being spread throughout the world. In this time that I have to talk to you, I want to show to you, how deep a mess we are in, with environmental crisis and how we can get out of it. It warns us about the catastrophic changes in Earth’s ecosystem as the consequence of global warming. Drought, Famine, Severe flooding, Record rainfall, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Forest Fires, Acid rain: this is the result of being ignorant and not caring for our mother earth. Our planet looks like it’s infected with a disease. We turned this once-vibrant planet into a toxic, treeless, lifeless, and overheated trash site. The urgent message is â€Å"Save the Earth†. It’s a message that has been heard before and consistently being spread throughout the world. In this time that I have to talk to you, I want to show to you, how deep a mess we are in, with environmental crisis and how we can get out of it. It warns us about the catastrophic changes in Earth’s ecosystem as the consequence of global warming. Drought, Famine, Severe flooding, Record rainfall, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Forest Fires, Acid rain: this is the result of being ignorant and not caring for our mother earth. Our planet looks like it’s infected with a disease. We turned this once-vibrant planet into a toxic, treeless, lifeless, and overheated trash site. Good Morning, today I xxxx am here to talk to you about ‘’The Earth† Let me begin by a famous quote- â€Å" The Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.† ― Mahatma Gandhi The urgent message is â€Å"Save the Earth†. It’s a message that has been heard before and consistently being spread throughout the world. In this time that I have to talk to you, I want to show to you, how deep a mess we are in, with environmental crisis and how we can get out of it. It warns us about the catastrophic changes in Earth’s ecosystem as the consequence of global warming. Drought, Famine, Severe flooding, Record rainfall, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Forest Fires, Acid rain: this is the result of being ignorant and not caring for our mother earth. Our planet looks like it’s infected with a disease. We turned this once-vibrant planet into a toxic, treeless, lifeless, and overheated trash site. The urgent message is â€Å"Save the Earth†. It’s a message that has been heard before and consistently being spread throughout the world. In this time that I have to talk to you, I want to show to you, how deep a mess we are in, with environmental crisis and how we can get out of it. It warns us about the catastrophic changes in Earth’s ecosystem as the consequence of global warming. Drought, Famine, Severe flooding, Record rainfall, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Forest Fires, Acid rain: this is the result of being ignorant and not caring for our mother earth. Our planet looks like it’s infected with a disease. We turned this once-vibrant planet into a toxic, treeless, lifeless, and overheated trash site.